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Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Base Excision Repair01:54

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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
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Total Hip Replacement Following Unsuccessful Acetabular Repair: A Case Report.

Alok Chandra Agrawal1, Harshal Sakale1, Nirmal Rathi1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports
|February 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Traumatic avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is a common complication after acetabular fractures. Salvage total hip replacement (THR) can be successful in these complex cases with careful planning and execution.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Trauma Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery
Keywords:
Acetabular injuryboth-column injuryfemoral head necrosissalvage total hip replacementtraumatic joint degeneration

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Background:

  • Traumatic avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is a significant complication following acetabular fractures, occurring in 20-40% of cases.
  • Acetabular fractures often require open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), but can lead to long-term complications like AVN.
  • Salvage total hip replacement (THR) presents unique surgical challenges compared to primary THR.