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Study on the variable side - deep fertilization control system for rice based on soil electrical conductivity.

Lantian Xie1, Wenjie Mao2, Xincheng Zhang3

  • 1School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|February 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new rice fertilization system that uses real-time soil electrical conductivity (EC) to precisely adjust fertilizer application. The system improves fertilizer use efficiency by reducing waste and enabling variable-rate fertilization.

Keywords:
current–voltage methodelectrical conductivityneural networkprecision agriculturericevariable fertilization

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Engineering
  • Soil Science
  • Precision Agriculture

Background:

  • Current rice fertilization methods lack dynamic adjustment, leading to inefficient fertilizer use.
  • Experience-based settings fail to account for varying soil fertility levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a rice side-deep variable-rate fertilization control system using real-time soil electrical conductivity (EC) detection.
  • To improve fertilizer use efficiency in rice cultivation through dynamic application rates.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an EC calibration model using an RBF neural network based on soil moisture, electrode depth, and temperature.
  • Constructed a fertilization strategy and model incorporating real-time EC, target yield, and forward speed.
  • Implemented closed-loop control using an incremental PID algorithm for variable-rate fertilization.

Main Results:

  • Achieved an average EC relative error of 2.70%.
  • Demonstrated a maximum fertilization system response time of 1.60 seconds and an average of 1.28 seconds.
  • Reported an average fertilizer reduction rate of 12.39%.

Conclusions:

  • The developed system enables rapid and accurate variable-rate fertilization operations.
  • Provides technical support for optimizing rice side-deep fertilization practices.
  • Significantly enhances fertilizer use efficiency in rice farming.