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Related Concept Videos

Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis01:16

Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis

Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell death caused by severe injury such as ischemia, toxins, or trauma. Unlike programmed cell death, it is an uncontrolled, pathological process that typically provokes inflammation in surrounding tissues.Pathophysiologic ChangesNecrosis begins when cells sustain critical damage, leading to swelling of organelles, particularly mitochondria, and rapid ATP depletion. As energy levels decline, membrane ion pumps fail, leading to calcium influx and eventually,...
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

A Novel Human Epithelial Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
08:42

A Novel Human Epithelial Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Published on: April 10, 2019

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Periocular necrotizing fasciitis.

Zaynab Somani1, Hyun Jun Kim2, Andrew Harrison2,3

  • 1University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States.

Frontiers in Ophthalmology
|February 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Periorbital necrotizing fasciitis (PNF) is a severe infection requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment. Early surgical debridement and antibiotics are key, but emerging biomarkers and therapies may improve outcomes.

Keywords:
eyelid cellulitiseyelid necrotizing fasciitisnecrotizing fasciitisorbital cellulitesorbital infectionsorbital necrotizing fasciitis

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Ophthalmology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a severe bacterial infection.
  • Periorbital necrotizing fasciitis (PNF) presents unique diagnostic and management challenges.
  • PNF can lead to severe morbidity, including vision loss and death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on PNF treatment.
  • To integrate findings from PNF and generalized NF literature.
  • To discuss diagnostic challenges and emerging therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PNF and generalized NF.
  • Synthesis of treatment evidence.
  • Analysis of diagnostic mimics and adjunctive therapies.

Main Results:

  • Early diagnosis of PNF is critical but difficult, often confused with conditions like Sweet's syndrome.
  • Surgical debridement and antibiotics are standard treatments.
  • Emerging biomarkers and therapies like hypochlorous irrigation show promise.

Conclusions:

  • PNF requires aggressive management, balancing surgical intervention with potential morbidities.
  • Distinguishing PNF from mimics is crucial for appropriate treatment.
  • Further research into biomarkers and adjunctive therapies may optimize PNF patient outcomes.