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Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Primed Mycobacterial Uveitis PMU as a Model for Post-Infectious Uveitis
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Current perspective on infectious uveitis.

Amod Gupta1

  • 1Emeritus Professor, Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
|February 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infectious uveitis is a global health concern, with rising cases worldwide. Early diagnosis and understanding regional patterns are crucial for preventing vision loss from treatable causes like tuberculosis and viral infections.

Keywords:
Epidemiology of uveitisPCRinfectious uveitismNGSocular toxoplasmosistubercular uveitisvirla uveitis

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Infectious uveitis causes significant visual impairment globally, with increasing incidence in developed nations.
  • Epidemiological patterns vary significantly, necessitating localized awareness for ophthalmologists.
  • Tuberculosis remains prevalent in low- and middle-income regions, contributing to tubercular uveitis (TBU).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiological aspects of infectious uveitis globally.
  • To highlight diagnostic challenges, particularly for tubercular uveitis.
  • To discuss the utility of various diagnostic tools and treatment approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on infectious uveitis.
  • Analysis of diagnostic techniques including Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), multiplex Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS), and serology.
  • Discussion of treatment strategies and recurrence patterns.

Main Results:

  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) shows low sensitivity for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in ocular fluids.
  • Multiplex Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS) shows promise but requires complex interpretation.
  • Serology is valuable for diagnosing syphilis and parasitic infections causing uveitis.

Conclusions:

  • Familiarity with local infectious uveitis patterns aids early diagnosis and blindness prevention.
  • Diagnostic challenges persist for tubercular uveitis, despite its significance.
  • Recurrences are common in viral and toxoplasmosis-related uveitis, requiring careful management.