Fruit development and maturation in clones of Coffea canephora implanted in south Amazonas

This study aimed to evaluate fruit maturation of Coffea canephora cultivated in the southern region of Amazonas, focusing on the crop's phenological stages, which were introduced for the first time in Humaitá-AM for production trials. The experiment was conducted at the Mangabeiras Experimental Farm, part of the Institute of Education, Agriculture and Environment (IEAA) of the Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Humaitá campus. A randomized block design with four blocks and eight replicates per block was used. Each plot consisted of 14 rows, with 4 border plants. Evaluations began the main flowering event on September 3, 2021, and continued until June 2022. The phenological stages assessed were: pinhead, fruit expansion, green bean, light green (verde cana), cherry, and raisin. These stages were analyzed as percentages based on a selected branch. Clones were grouped by maturation time: intermediate (BRS 1216, BRS 2299, BRS 3210, BRS 3213, BRS 3220, Clone 12, RO C160, Clone 09, Clone 15), late (BRS 2314, BRS 2336, BRS 2357), and early (BRS 3137, BRS 3193). The pinhead and fruit expansion stages occurred from September to December, followed by fruit filling from January to April. In May, the light green stage was observed, coinciding with rapid fruit development under average temperatures of 26 °C and precipitation of 130 mm. These environmental conditions favored maturation, allowing fruits to reach the cherry stage by the end of the evaluation period.