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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
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Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. Isomers can be further classified into constitutional isomers and stereoisomers. Constitutional isomers differ in the connectivity of their constituent atoms. For example, 2-butanol and diethyl ether are constitutional isomers, as they have the same chemical formula, C4H10O, but differ in the connectivity of the carbon and oxygen atoms. Constitutional isomers have different physical and chemical...
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Alkenes like 1-butene and 2-butene exhibit constitutional isomerism, as they differ in the position of the double bond. Further, 2-butene exhibits stereoisomerism and exists as two distinct compounds differing in spatial arrangement.
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

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Differential self-assembly of sequence-isomeric phosphoestamers.

James Williamson1, Tomasz Piskorz2, Bini Claringbold3

  • 1Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK. chris.serpell@ucl.ac.uk.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|February 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Phosphoestamers, molecules with repeating units, self-assemble into complex structures based on their sequence. This study explored how specific monomer sequences influence the formation of these phosphoestamer superstructures.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Phosphoestamers are peptide nucleic acid analogs with potential applications in nanotechnology and medicine.
  • Their self-assembly into ordered superstructures is sequence-dependent, offering a route to programmable nanomaterials.
  • Understanding sequence-structure relationships is crucial for designing functional phosphoestamer-based systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the self-assembly behavior of tetrameric phosphoestamers.
  • To explore the relationship between monomer sequence and resulting superstructure formation.
  • To establish a model system for studying sequence-directed self-assembly.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of all possible tetrameric phosphoestamers using equal ratios of C12 and HEG monomers.
  • Characterization of self-assembled superstructures using a combination of experimental techniques.
  • Computational modeling to analyze and predict self-assembly pathways and structures.

Main Results:

  • Identified distinct self-assembly patterns for different tetrameric phosphoestamer sequences.
  • Observed a direct correlation between specific monomer arrangements and the formation of unique superstructures.
  • Validated computational predictions with experimental observations, confirming sequence-driven assembly.

Conclusions:

  • Tetrameric phosphoestamers exhibit predictable self-assembly into diverse superstructures.
  • The sequence of monomers is a critical determinant of phosphoestamer superstructure architecture.
  • This work provides a foundation for the rational design of sequence-specific phosphoestamer nanomaterials.