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Primate dexterous hand movements are controlled by functionally distinct premotoneuronal systems.

Tomohiko Takei1,2,3, Tomomichi Oya1,2,3,4,5, Kazuhiko Seki1,2,6

  • 1Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.

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Primate hand control involves both direct corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells and indirect pathways via premotor interneurons (PreM-INs). PreM-INs promote muscle synergy, while CM cells offer selective muscle control, balancing stability and flexibility.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Primate motor control
  • Evolutionary neurobiology

Background:

  • Dexterous hand movements are crucial for primates.
  • Traditionally, direct corticomotoneuronal (CM) pathways were considered primary for fine motor control.
  • Emerging evidence suggests indirect corticospinal pathways involving spinal premotor interneurons (PreM-INs) also play a significant role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the functional roles of PreM-INs and CM cells in generating primate hand muscle activity.
  • To elucidate the distinct contributions of evolutionarily older and newer motor control pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Neuronal activity recording from PreM-INs and CM cells in macaques.
  • Performance of a precision grip task.
  • Decomposition analysis of neuronal data.

Main Results:

  • PreM-INs demonstrated broader muscle facilitation, promoting synergistic coactivation.
  • CM cells provided more selective muscle facilitation, enabling individual muscle control.
  • Distinct control modes (synergy-based vs. individual-based) were identified, balancing stability and flexibility.

Conclusions:

  • Primate dexterous hand control arises from the integration of distinct premotoneuronal systems.
  • The findings redefine the understanding of motor control by highlighting the cooperative roles of evolutionarily divergent pathways.