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01:27Tumor Immunotherapy
2.0K
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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01:30Acute Pharyngitis
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Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
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01:27Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction
1.3K
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:
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01:27Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction
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Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...
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01:21Acute Respiratory Failure-I
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Acute respiratory failure is a condition characterized by the inability of the lungs to perform their primary function: gas exchange. This failure leads to insufficient oxygen levels (hypoxemia) in the blood, elevated carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia), or both, causing critical impairment in organ function.
Definition: It is defined by specific criteria based on blood gas measurements. Hypoxemia happens when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) falls below 60 mmHg. At the same time,...
Definition: It is defined by specific criteria based on blood gas measurements. Hypoxemia happens when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) falls below 60 mmHg. At the same time,...
1.1K
01:21Acute Respiratory Failure-II
1.2K
Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
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Immunotherapy in B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
Kara L Davis1, Catherine C Yao2, Jessica A O Zimmerman3
11Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN
|February 11, 2026
Summary
Immunotherapy, including monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, T-cell-engagers, and CAR T-cells, is now a cornerstone in treating B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) in both children and adults. These advanced treatments offer improved outcomes for patients with B-ALL.
Area of Science:
- Hematology
- Oncology
- Immunology
Background:
- Immunotherapy integration in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) has significantly improved patient outcomes.
- Four primary immunotherapeutic categories are utilized: monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), T-cell-engaging antibodies, and CAR T-cells.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the efficacy and safety of various immunotherapies in B-ALL treatment.
- To discuss current challenges and future directions for immune-based therapies in B-ALL.
Main Methods:
- Review of clinical data on unconjugated mAbs, ADCs (e.g., inotuzumab ozogamicin), T-cell-engagers (e.g., blinatumomab), and CAR T-cells.
- Analysis of treatment outcomes and adverse events in pediatric and adult B-ALL patients.
Main Results:
- ADCs like inotuzumab ozogamicin show efficacy in relapsed/refractory B-ALL, though infectious complications are a concern in younger patients.
- T-cell-engagers, such as blinatumomab, are now standard for newly diagnosed and relapsed B-ALL, potentially reducing chemotherapy intensity.
- CAR T-cell therapy (targeting CD19) has revolutionized relapsed/refractory B-ALL treatment, with ongoing research into CD22 or dual-target CAR T-cells to overcome antigen escape.
Conclusions:
- Immune-based therapies are now a mainstay in B-ALL treatment for both pediatric and adult populations.
- Further research is needed to optimize safety, overcome resistance mechanisms, and expand the application of immunotherapies in B-ALL.