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Three monkeys or one?: Continuity in the monkey emoji debate.
Lenneke Doris Lichtenberg1, Irmak Hacımusaoğlu1, Bien Klomberg1
1Department of Communication and Cognition, Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences, Tilburg University, the Netherlands.
Acta Psychologica
|February 11, 2026
Summary
People interpret emoji sequences differently. This study shows sequential order, semantic category, and color cues influence whether emoji are seen as continuous or referring to the same entity.
Area of Science:
- Cognitive Science
- Visual Communication
- Human-Computer Interaction
Background:
- Interpreting visual sequences, like emoji, involves determining entity continuity and co-reference.
- Ambiguity in emoji sequences can lead to differing interpretations of meaning.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate cues influencing continuity and co-reference perception in short emoji sequences.
- To understand how visual properties guide the interpretation of emoji sequences.
Main Methods:
- Participants viewed three-emoji sequences with manipulated sequential order, semantic category, and color.
- Judgments of continuity and co-reference were recorded, along with response times.
Main Results:
- Sequential order significantly increased perceived continuity and speeded judgments.
- Shared superordinate semantic category and similar colors enhanced the likelihood of construing co-reference.
Conclusions:
- Principles of visual sequencing and co-reference perception in emoji align with those in more complex visual narratives.
- Understanding these cues is crucial for interpreting emoji communication and cross-modal co-reference.
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