Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 13, 2026
04:30
A Colorimetric Assay of Citrate Synthase Activity in Drosophila Melanogaster
Published on: January 16, 2020
10.7K
VvTPS14 is a linalool synthase activated by VvbZIP3 and repressed by VvMADS4
Ziye Nie1, Xiaochen Wang1, Xianju Liu2
1State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China.
Plant Science : an International Journal of Experimental Plant Biology
|February 11, 2026
Summary
Researchers identified VvTPS14 as a key gene for linalool biosynthesis in grapes, responsible for the Muscat flavor. They also uncovered upstream regulators, VvbZIP3 and VvMADS4, controlling its expression for flavor trait breeding.
Area of Science:
- Plant Molecular Biology
- Grapevine Genetics
- Flavor Chemistry
Background:
- Linalool is crucial for Muscat grape aroma, but its biosynthesis regulation is unclear.
- Understanding transcriptional control is key to improving grape flavor profiles.
Purpose of the Study:
- Identify genes and regulatory mechanisms controlling linalool biosynthesis in grape berries.
- Establish VvTPS14 as a key enzyme in linalool production.
- Elucidate the upstream transcriptional factors governing VvTPS14 expression.
Main Methods:
- Integrated GC-MS and transcriptomic analysis across grape berry development.
- Gene expression correlation analysis.
- In vitro enzyme activity assays and heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Yeast one-hybrid screening and dual-luciferase assays for promoter analysis.
Main Results:
- VvTPS14 gene expression correlates with linalool accumulation in grape berries.
- VvTPS14 encodes a chloroplast-localized enzyme catalyzing linalool synthesis from GPP.
- Overexpression of VvTPS14 enhances linalool production in various plant systems.
- VvbZIP3 and VvMADS4 directly bind the VvTPS14 promoter, with VvbZIP3 activating and VvMADS4 repressing its expression.
Conclusions:
- VvTPS14 is a key linalool synthase in grapes.
- A transcriptional module involving VvbZIP3 and VvMADS4 regulates VvTPS14.
- These findings offer targets for molecular breeding to enhance grape flavor traits.
Related Concept Videos
01:16Repressed Memory
529
Repressed memories are a psychological phenomenon where memories of traumatic events are unconsciously blocked from a person's awareness. This process occurs as a defense mechanism, protecting the mind from the emotional impact of distressing or painful experiences. For example, a person who has experienced childhood trauma may grow up with no conscious recollection of the event. In such cases, the memories are thought to be buried deep within the subconscious, inaccessible to the conscious...
529
01:18ATP Synthase: Structure
15.8K
ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
15.8K
01:48ATP Synthase: Mechanism
17.3K
In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
17.3K
01:21Repressible Operon: trp Operon
1.8K
The trp operon in Escherichia coli exemplifies a repressible operon. It regulates the synthesis of tryptophan through repressor-mediated transcriptional control and attenuation. This dual regulatory mechanism ensures tryptophan biosynthesis occurs only when needed, conserving cellular resources.Structure of the trp OperonThe trp operon consists of five structural genes (trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA) that encode enzymes for tryptophan biosynthesis. These genes are transcribed as a single...
1.8K
01:11Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase
6
Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
6
02:04Co-activators and Co-repressors
8.7K
Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
8.7K