Alzheimer's disease: Current therapeutic strategies and emerging perspectives for multifactorial intervention

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive, multifactorial neurodegenerative condition and the most common form of dementia, affecting millions globally. Its incidence increases with age and is characterized by cognitive decline, functional impairments, and behavioral disturbances. Although its etiology remains unclear, AD is believed to result from a complex interaction between genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain its pathogenesis, including the amyloid cascade, tau neurofibrillary tangle formation, cholinergic and glutamatergic dysfunctions, and, more recently, lipid invasion. Current treatment strategies involve both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. In Brazil, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are widely used. Recently, efforts have focused on developing new therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies, with three representatives already approved by the FDA, in addition to innovative approaches such as the use of technology and virtual reality for cognitive therapies. However, there is still a need for research that enables early diagnosis, interventions with fewer adverse effects, and the development of therapies targeting multiple mechanisms. Therefore, the pursuit of more effective and personalized treatments is essential to mitigate the societal impacts of AD.