Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Band Theory

Band Theory

When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
Conductor, Semiconductor,...

Energy Bands in Solids

Energy Bands in Solids

Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states...

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence of...

Multi-Step Reactions

Multi-Step Reactions

Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs. Each of the steps in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary reaction. These...

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved...

Insertion of Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER

Insertion of Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER

The rough ER membrane synthesizes, assembles, and embeds transmembrane proteins in diverse topologies. These proteins function as transporters or channels and can remain in the ER membrane or are sent to the Golgi complex, lysosome, and cell membrane.
The multipass transmembrane proteins are the type IV integral membrane proteins with multiple topogenic sequences determining their spatial arrangement in the ER membrane. Nearly all multipass proteins lack a cleavable signal sequence and use...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Grating based interferometric devices on a silicon photonic platform.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Design and Optimization of Dolmen-like Nanoantenna on Silicon Dioxide for Sensing Applications.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Fano-resonant hybrid Metasurface for Carbon Dioxide sensing at telecommunication wavelengths.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Accelerating photonic gas sensor design: machine learning-driven inverse optimization of silicon photonics Bragg gratings.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Highly sensitive all-silicon plasmonic metasurface for CO<sub>2</sub> detection applications.

Optics express·2025

Same author

Design considerations of highly sensitive dual resonance metasurface grating biosensor.

Applied optics·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

Published on: July 8, 2013

Tunable multi-band terahertz sensor based on graphene plasmonic metasurfaces.

Maira Khafagy¹, AbdelRahman M Ghanim^1,2, Mohamed A Swillam³

¹Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt.

Scientific Reports

|February 11, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A novel metal-dielectric-dielectric-metal metasurface enables highly sensitive triple-band Terahertz refractive index sensing. This graphene-based sensor offers tunable performance for applications in biomedical diagnostics and gas detection.

Keywords:

Graphene Refractive index Sensing Surface plasmon resonance

More Related Videos

Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Published on: September 22, 2015

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

Published on: August 30, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

Published on: July 8, 2013

Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Published on: September 22, 2015

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

Published on: August 30, 2012

Area of Science:

Plasmonics
Metasurfaces
Terahertz (THz) Sensing

Background:

Conventional plasmonic sensors often exhibit limited sensitivity or sensing bands.
Terahertz technology offers unique properties for label-free biosensing and material characterization.
Graphene integration in metasurfaces provides tunable electronic and optical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel metal-dielectric-dielectric-metal (MDDM) metasurface architecture for enhanced refractive index sensing in the THz region.
To demonstrate triple-band sensing capabilities with high sensitivity using a graphene-based fractal pattern.
To investigate the underlying plasmonic resonance mechanisms and their impact on sensor performance.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a multilayer MDDM structure comprising graphene, dielectric layers, silicon substrate, and aluminum.
Utilizing strong plasmonic resonances and enhanced absorption within the metasurface.
Analyzing the spectral response across three distinct resonance modes (dipolar, quadrupolar, hybridized) for refractive index sensing.

Main Results:

Achieved high sensitivities of 10 μm/RIU, 3 μm/RIU, and 2.75 μm/RIU across three distinct sensing modes.
Demonstrated triple-band sensing capability, surpassing single- and dual-band sensors.
Observed enhanced field localization and intense electromagnetic "hot spots" due to dual-dielectric configuration and hybridized resonances.

Conclusions:

The proposed MDDM sensor exhibits superior sensitivity and flexibility for refractive index sensing in the THz range.
The tunable nature and stable performance under environmental variations highlight its practical potential.
Significant promise for applications in label-free biomedical diagnostics, gas sensing, and glucose monitoring.