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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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Low-Cost, Volume-Controlled Dipstick Urinalysis for Home-Testing
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Development of a smartphone based spectrometer for high-resolution urinalysis.

Kefan Song1,2, Ilan Mandel3, Jason Cobb4

  • 1Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. ksong75@gatech.edu.

Scientific Reports
|February 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

SpectraPhone, a smartphone spectrometer, offers accurate, point-of-care urinalysis for chronic kidney disease (CKD) biomarkers like hematuria and albuminuria. This portable device enhances early CKD detection and management, especially in underserved regions.

Keywords:
AlbuminuriaChronic kidney diseaseHematuriaMobile spectroscopyUrine testing

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Diagnostics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health issue, often underdiagnosed due to limitations in current diagnostic tools.
  • Existing methods like dipstick urinalysis lack quantitative accuracy, and lab tests are not always accessible for routine monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce SpectraPhone, a smartphone-integrated portable spectrometer for quantitative point-of-care urinalysis.
  • To assess SpectraPhone's accuracy in quantifying hematuria and albuminuria, key biomarkers for CKD detection.

Main Methods:

  • SpectraPhone utilizes a smartphone's camera and flashlight to capture spectral data for urinalysis.
  • The device was optically characterized and empirically validated for quantifying red blood cell (RBC) concentrations and albumin levels.
  • Bromophenol blue reagent was used to enhance the accuracy of albumin measurements.

Main Results:

  • SpectraPhone accurately quantified RBCs (R² = 0.9913) and albumin (R² = 0.9981).
  • With bromophenol blue, albumin measurement accuracy improved significantly (R² = 0.9997), enabling clinical-grade detection.
  • Performance metrics (RMSE, MAE) demonstrated superior quantification compared to conventional methods.

Conclusions:

  • SpectraPhone provides a cost-effective, user-friendly, and accurate solution for point-of-care urinalysis.
  • The technology has the potential to revolutionize CKD screening, early diagnosis, and patient management globally.
  • It can significantly improve healthcare accessibility for CKD detection, particularly in resource-limited settings.