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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

Published on: February 26, 2020

Bilinguals have better recall for code-switched information.

Lauren K Salig^1,2, Jorge R Valdés Kroff³, Jared M Novick^4,5

¹Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. salig@umich.edu.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

|February 11, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Bilinguals recall information better when it

Keywords:

Bilingualism Code-switching Comprehension Memory

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Area of Science:

Psycholinguistics
Cognitive Neuroscience
Bilingualism Studies

Background:

Code-switching (CS) in bilinguals is often perceived as a cognitive burden.
Existing research primarily focuses on the processing costs of CS.
The potential benefits of CS for memory and attention remain underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether code-switching enhances information recall in bilingual listeners.
To determine if greater CS experience amplifies recall benefits.
To challenge the view of CS as solely imposing cognitive costs.

Main Methods:

A preregistered study involving Spanish-English bilingual participants.
Participants listened to vignettes containing both single-language and code-switched segments.
Recall accuracy for details presented in different linguistic contexts was measured.

Main Results:

Information presented within code-switched sentences was recalled more accurately.
Code-switches acted as cues, enhancing attention and memory encoding.
Bilinguals with more extensive CS experience exhibited greater recall benefits.

Conclusions:

Code-switching can serve as a communicative tool to enhance memory and learning.
Listeners learn to associate CS with communicative importance, leveraging it for recall.
Findings challenge the notion that CS primarily creates comprehension challenges, highlighting its adaptive functions.