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High-retention sodium supercapacitors with sodium hexametaphosphate-controlled water-processable/non-flammable
Deepu Murukadas1,2, Dahyeon Park1,3, Minjae Kim1,3
1Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory and KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications (KINPA), Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
None:
Achieving high-performance sodium-based solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) through environmentally friendly processes is crucial to establishing a solid foundation for safe and inexpensive energy storage devices. Here we demonstrate nonflammable sodium cation-transporting SSEs prepared from aqueous solutions of branched poly(ethylene imine) (bPEI), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP). The bPEI:NaOH:SHMP (PNaS) SSEs exhibited an outstanding ion conductivity of ~1 mS/cm at SHMP = 20 mol%, which is 5 times higher than 0.18 mS/cm for the bPEI:NaOH (PNa) SSEs, due to the SHMP-induced morphology optimization for efficient Na+ transport. The optimum PNaS SSEs could deliver the output voltage of 4.4 V by galvanostatic charging at 0.5 mA/g, exhibiting long-term retention characteristics (>1000 s). The PNaS supercapacitors exhibited stable operation with 99.68% capacitance retained during 2000 charging/discharging cycles, while the PNaS films were considerably stable without burning upon the flammability test.
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