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Related Concept Videos

Setting Time of Cement01:12

Setting Time of Cement

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The setting time of cement refers to the process of cement paste transitioning from a plastic state to a solid state. This process is crucial in construction as it dictates the timeframe for concrete placement, compaction, and finishing. The onset of this solidification is termed the initial set, indicating when the paste becomes unworkable. The final set is when the paste has solidified completely, and further handling or manipulation can no longer affect its shape. The cement strength is...
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Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

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The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
587
Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

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Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
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Fineness of Cement01:15

Fineness of Cement

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The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
Direct...
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Strength of Cement01:20

Strength of Cement

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Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...
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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way
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Hydraulic fast-setting calcium silicate cement for crown cementation.

Atefeh Nemati Karimooy1, Bahram Ranjkesh2, Dirk Leonhardt3

  • 1Section for Oral Ecology, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.

Journal of Prosthodontics : Official Journal of the American College of Prosthodontists
|February 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Hydraulic fast-set calcium silicate cement (fast-set CSC) shows comparable film thickness, diametral tensile strength, and crown retentive strength to conventional luting cements, indicating potential for crown cementation.

Keywords:
calcium silicate cementcementationdental crownpull‐off testretention

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Restorative Dentistry

Background:

  • Conventional luting cements face limitations in clinical performance.
  • Fast-setting hydraulic calcium silicate cements (CSC) offer potential advancements in dental restorative procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the film thickness, diametral tensile strength (DTS), and crown retentive strength of a hydraulic fast-set CSC.
  • To compare the fast-set CSC with conventional zinc phosphate cement and glass ionomer cement for luting applications.

Main Methods:

  • Film thickness was measured per ISO 9917-1:2007.
  • Diametral tensile strength (DTS) was assessed using cylindrical samples after 7 days of humid storage.
  • Crown retentive strength was determined by pull-off testing of metal crowns cemented on extracted molars after 10,000 thermal cycles.

Main Results:

  • All tested cements, including fast-set CSC, exhibited film thicknesses below the 25 µm threshold.
  • Fast-set CSC demonstrated DTS comparable to glass ionomer and zinc phosphate cements.
  • No significant differences in crown retentive strength were observed among the three cement types, with mixed failures predominating.

Conclusions:

  • Fast-set CSC possesses acceptable film thickness and comparable DTS and crown retentive strength to conventional luting cements.
  • The results suggest promising clinical potential for fast-set CSC in crown cementation.
  • Further research is warranted to fully explore the clinical utility of fast-set CSC.