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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.9K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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A Paradigm Shift in Anode-Free Lithium Metal Battery: Pressure-Activated Solid-State Interfaces for High-Rate

Yunsong Li1, Junyu Zhang1, Jiefang Zhu2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|February 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel interfacial strategy for anode-free lithium metal batteries (AF-LMBs), overcoming dendrite formation and lithium depletion issues. The developed composite separator enables high energy density and stable cycling in large-scale pouch cells.

Keywords:
anode‐free lithium metal batteriesdendrite‐free metal depositionfunctionalized separatorhigh energy/power densitylithium montmorillonite nanosheetsolid‐state ion diffusion

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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Anode-free lithium metal batteries (AF-LMBs) offer superior energy density compared to traditional batteries but face challenges like lithium dendrite growth and inventory depletion.
  • These issues are amplified in larger-scale pouch cells, hindering practical application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a multiscale interfacial strategy to address the core limitations of AF-LMBs.
  • To enhance the stability and performance of AF-LMBs, particularly in Ah-scale pouch cells.

Main Methods:

  • Few-layer lithium montmorillonite nanosheets were produced and integrated with polyacrylamide gel, forming a functionalized composite separator (FMT-Li/PAM-PE).
  • This composite separator was applied to a copper substrate modified with recycled spent graphite (SGR-Cu).
  • The assembled 1.0 Ah pouch cell utilized a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode.

Main Results:

  • The composite separator exhibited high mechanical strength (204.4 MPa), thermal stability, and anion screening capability (t+ = 0.78).
  • The strategy established a solid-state Li+ diffusion pathway, mitigating solvated Li+ interactions and improving interfacial adhesion.
  • The 1.0 Ah pouch cell achieved 81.1% capacity retention over 200 cycles, with energy densities of 453.3 Wh kg-1 / 1183.2 Wh L-1 and power output of 1045.0 W kg-1.

Conclusions:

  • The multiscale interfacial strategy effectively suppresses dendrite formation and lithium depletion in AF-LMBs.
  • This approach enables high-rate cation diffusion and unlocks the potential for commercial AF-LMB prototyping across various cell configurations.