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PUMAA: Establishing a protocol for utilizing machine learning in forensic anthropological analyses

  • 0Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
Journal of Forensic Sciences +

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February 12, 2026

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February 12, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Forensic anthropology (FA) now uses machine learning (ML) models, but lacks standards. This study introduces PUMAA, a protocol with a flowchart and checklist to guide practitioners in creating, using, and assessing ML models for forensic research.

Area Of Science

  • Forensic Anthropology
  • Machine Learning
  • Computational Biology

Background

  • Machine learning (ML) applications are growing in forensic anthropology (FA).
  • Current research lacks standardized protocols for ML model curation, utilization, and assessment.
  • This gap hinders consistent and reliable application of ML in forensic analyses.

Purpose Of The Study

  • To introduce PUMAA (A Protocol for Utilizing Machine Learning in Forensic Anthropological Analyses).
  • To provide a standardized framework for forensic practitioners using ML models.
  • To enhance the accessibility and understanding of ML concepts in FA.

Main Methods

  • Development of PUMAA, including a flowchart and checklist.
  • Explanation of common supervised ML models in accessible terms with visuals.
  • Evaluation of five key factors for assessing ML model performance.
  • Discussion of reporting standards for seven ML model types.

Main Results

  • PUMAA offers a structured approach for ML model lifecycle management in FA.
  • The protocol details essential factors for evaluating ML model performance.
  • Accessible explanations and visual aids simplify complex ML concepts for practitioners.
  • Strengths and limitations of various ML models are evaluated to guide selection and application.

Conclusions

  • PUMAA establishes an initial standard for ML implementation in forensic anthropology.
  • The protocol aims to improve the rigor and reproducibility of ML-driven forensic research.
  • Standardization through PUMAA will facilitate informed decision-making regarding ML model use in FA.

Keywords:

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