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Maternal Suicidal Behavior: Comparisons Between Pregnancy and Postpartum Periods and Nonpregnancy, 2006-2019.

Erica S LeCounte1, Jason L Salemi1, Cheryl A Vamos1

  • 1College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.

Journal of Women'S Health (2002)
|February 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The perinatal period does not appear protective against nonfatal suicidal behavior in women. Hospitalization rates for suicidal ideation and self-harm were lower during pregnancy and postpartum compared to non-pregnant periods.

Keywords:
intentional self-harmnonpregnancy/nonpostpartumpostpartumpregnancysuicidal ideation

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Mental Health Research
  • Public Health Surveillance

Background:

  • The perinatal period is traditionally viewed as protective against suicide in women.
  • However, evidence regarding its protective effect against nonfatal suicidal behavior is limited.
  • This study investigated suicidal behavior rates and determinants across pregnancy, postpartum, and non-pregnant periods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare hospitalization rates and risk factors for suicidal ideation and intentional self-harm between pregnancy/delivery, postpartum, and non-pregnancy/non-postpartum periods.
  • To analyze trends in these behaviors over time.
  • To identify demographic and payer-related determinants associated with suicidal behavior during different reproductive periods.

Main Methods:

  • A repeated cross-sectional study utilized Florida hospital discharge records from 2006 to 2019.
  • Trends in hospitalization rates for suicidal ideation and intentional self-harm were analyzed.
  • Negative binomial regression models estimated adjusted rate ratios (aRRs) comparing pregnancy/delivery and postpartum periods to non-pregnancy/non-postpartum periods.

Main Results:

  • Hospitalization rates for suicidal ideation significantly increased across all periods from 2006-2007 to 2018-2019.
  • Rates of intentional self-harm declined during non-pregnancy/non-postpartum periods but remained stable during pregnancy/delivery and postpartum.
  • Despite increasing trends, aRRs for both suicidal ideation and intentional self-harm were significantly lower during pregnancy/delivery and postpartum compared to non-pregnant periods.

Conclusions:

  • Suicidal behavior remains a critical public health concern for women of reproductive age.
  • While the perinatal period showed lower adjusted rates of suicidal behavior hospitalization, overall rates are increasing.
  • Enhancing mental healthcare access and developing tailored interventions for high-risk populations are crucial for reducing hospitalizations.