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Climate extremes like drought and late freezes threaten global harvests and forest recovery. Tree species show varied responses, with North American species adapted to late freezes but not necessarily to intensifying drought.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Climate Science
  • Forestry

Background:

  • Climate extremes, including drought and late freezes, are increasingly impacting agriculture and natural ecosystems.
  • The role of these extremes in forest recovery from global diebacks is poorly understood due to a lack of data on tree fecundity.
  • Species' tolerance to climate extremes may be influenced by past exposure and phylogenetic conservatism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the impact of climate extremes (late freeze and drought) on forest fecundity across North America and Europe.
  • To investigate the factors, including species traits and phylogeny, that explain differential responses to climate extremes.
  • To assess the adequacy of current adaptation strategies in the face of intensifying climate extremes.

Main Methods:

  • Continental-scale analysis of climate extremes and forest fecundity data across North America and Europe.
  • Examination of species-specific responses to late freeze and drought events.
  • Comparison of observed species differences with traditional ecological traits and phylogenetic relationships.

Main Results:

  • Significant impacts of late freeze and drought on forest fecundity are evident across North America and Europe.
  • Species differences in response to climate extremes are not adequately explained by traditional traits or phylogeny.
  • Late freeze appears to be a more common stressor in North America than in Europe, potentially affecting seed production.

Conclusions:

  • Forest species are currently responding to climate extremes, but traditional traits and phylogeny offer limited explanations for these responses.
  • Past exposure and local adaptation may be insufficient to buffer forests against intensifying climate extremes.
  • Understanding species-specific vulnerabilities is crucial for predicting forest resilience and managing ecosystems under climate change.