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Related Concept Videos

Dietary Connections01:23

Dietary Connections

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In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP—such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle—tie into those that break down other organic compounds. As a result, various foods—from apples to cheese to guacamole—end up as ATP. In addition to carbohydrates, food also contains proteins and lipids—such as cholesterol and fats. All of these organic compounds are used...
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Proteins: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:28

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Consuming animal-based products offers high-quality proteins that contain optimal levels and combinations of essential amino acids, crucial for tissue repair and growth. Foods like eggs, milk, fish, and most meats are a source of complete proteins. Legumes and cereals are abundant in proteins; however, they typically lack a full range of essential amino acids. As a result, they are considered incomplete protein sources. Some plant sources like soybeans, quinoa, and amaranth do contain complete...
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Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:15

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Carbohydrates are predominantly obtained from plant sources. With the exception of lactose found in milk and insignificant glycogen amounts in meat, most consumed carbohydrates have plant origins. Monosaccharides and disaccharides, or sugars, can be sourced from fruits, honey, milk, sugar cane, and sugar beets. Grains and vegetables are rich in the polysaccharide starch. Two types of polysaccharides provide fiber: cellulose, which is abundant in many vegetables, forms undigestible roughage or...
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Lipids: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:18

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Lipids are an essential component of a balanced human diet. Triglycerides, which make up the majority of dietary lipids, are found in both saturated fats—commonly present in meat, dairy products, and certain tropical plants like coconut, and hydrogenated oils such as margarine and baking shortenings (trans fats)—and unsaturated fats, which are abundant in seeds, nuts, olive oil, and most vegetable oils. The main sources of cholesterol include egg yolks, various meats and organ...
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As a system undergoes a change, its internal energy can change, and energy can be transferred from the system to the surroundings, or from the surroundings to the system.
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Quantifying Heat02:46

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Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a higher temperature. When the...
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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

The Isolation of Flowing Mesenteric Lymph in Mice to Quantify In Vivo Kinetics of Dietary Lipid Absorption and Chylomicron Secretion
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Quantifying Dietary Breadth in Howlers: How Much Sampling Is Enough?

Ariadna Rangel Negrín1, Pedro A D Dias1

  • 1Primate Behavioral Ecology Laboratory, Instituto de Neuro-etología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.

American Journal of Primatology
|February 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Determining adequate observation hours for mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) dietary breadth requires extensive effort, with near-complete characterization needing 5000-5200 hours. Early sampling captures most diversity, but long-term studies are essential for comprehensive ecological understanding.

Keywords:
dietary diversityherbivore ecologyhowler monkeysmethodological frameworkrarefactionsampling completenessspecies accumulation curves

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Area of Science:

  • Primate Ecology
  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Conservation Biology

Background:

  • Accurate dietary breadth assessment is crucial for understanding animal ecology.
  • Inconsistent sampling methods in previous studies have hindered comparative analyses of behavioral variation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the necessary observation effort for accurately characterizing the dietary breadth of mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata).
  • To establish practical sampling benchmarks for primate dietary studies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a ten-year dataset with over 56,000 feeding observations and 6,800 observation hours.
  • Applied abundance-based, incidence-based, and time-based accumulation curve approaches.
  • Employed coverage-based rarefaction to compare sampling completeness between two groups.

Main Results:

  • Near-complete dietary characterization (sample coverage >0.99) required approximately 5000-5200 observation hours.
  • The initial 1500-3000 hours captured 85%-100% of dietary diversity.
  • Monthly incidence-based methods indicated 7-8 years of continuous sampling were needed to reach asymptotic levels.
  • Significant differences in sampling hours required between groups highlighted the impact of foraging selectivity.

Conclusions:

  • Recommends routine reporting of accumulation curves and sample coverage statistics in dietary studies.
  • Provides practical sampling benchmarks for mantled howler monkey dietary research.
  • Demonstrates applicable methodological approaches for primate dietary studies.