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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...
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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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Physiological pharmacokinetic models, often called flow-limited or perfusion models, typically assume a swift drug distribution between tissue and venous blood, creating a rapid drug equilibrium. This premise is based on the idea that drug diffusion is extremely fast, and the cell membrane presents no barrier to drug permeation. In this scenario, where no drug binding occurs, the drug concentration in the tissue equals that of the venous blood leaving the tissue. This greatly simplifies the...
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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

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Multi-model Diffusion MRI Signatures in Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders.

Yuqi Tian1, Farwa Ali2, Mary M Machulda3

  • 1Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Medrxiv : the Preprint Server for Health Sciences
|February 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multi-model diffusion MRI (dMRI) effectively differentiates atypical parkinsonian disorders (APS) like corticobasal syndrome (CBS) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) from Parkinson's disease (PD). Different dMRI models reveal distinct microstructural changes, with NODDI showing strong clinical associations.

Keywords:
Atypical parkinsonian syndromesDTIDiffusion MRIFBAFree water DTINODDIParkinson’s diseaseTissue weighted NODDIcorticobasal syndromeprogressive supranuclear palsy-Richardson syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Distinguishing atypical parkinsonian disorders (APS) from Parkinson's disease (PD) is clinically challenging due to overlapping symptoms.
  • Accurate differentiation is crucial for appropriate patient prognosis and treatment strategies.
  • Diffusion MRI (dMRI) offers potential for characterizing white and gray matter microstructural alterations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the diagnostic sensitivity of five complementary dMRI models in differentiating corticobasal syndrome (CBS), progressive supranuclear palsy-Richardson syndrome (PSP-RS), and PD.
  • To identify the optimal dMRI model for characterizing neurodegeneration in APS and PD.
  • To correlate dMRI metrics with clinical disease severity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 3-shell high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) data from 25 CBS, 42 PSP-RS, 21 PD participants, and 35 controls.
  • Application of 11 metrics from five dMRI models: diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), free-water-eliminated DTI (FWE), neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), tissue-weighted NODDI, and Fixel Density (FD) in Fixel-Based Analysis (FBA).
  • Assessment of group differentiation using Cohen's d effect sizes and correlation of dMRI metrics with clinical scales.

Main Results:

  • Distinct microstructural signatures were identified across CBS, PSP-RS, and PD, with varying sensitivities among dMRI models.
  • DTI and NODDI metrics showed significant effects in midbrain and peduncular pathways for PSP-RS, while NODDI and FBA measures highlighted precentral and corticospinal tract alterations in CBS.
  • NODDI metrics demonstrated the most robust associations with disease severity, whereas DTI and FWE metrics showed more limited regional effects.

Conclusions:

  • Multi-model dMRI analysis reveals complementary yet distinct sensitivities in detecting neurodegeneration across different parkinsonian disorders.
  • NODDI and Fixel-Based Analysis show promise for differentiating APS subtypes and correlating with disease progression.
  • These findings underscore the value of advanced dMRI techniques for precise diagnosis and understanding of parkinsonian syndromes.