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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

16.3K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Flow Cytometry01:23

Flow Cytometry

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The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
In...
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Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

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A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
7.8K
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Author Spotlight: Enhancements in Gene Expression Regulation Research
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Nuclear Histone 3 Post-Translational Modification Profiling in Whole Cells using Spectral Flow Cytometry.

Carly S Golden1, Saylor Williams1, Sandeep Sreerama1

  • 1Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|February 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

EpiFlow enables multiparametric analysis of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) in whole cells using spectral flow cytometry. This method enhances throughput and preserves sample integrity for a comprehensive understanding of chromatin dynamics.

Keywords:
Cell CycleHistone 3 post-translational modificationsHuman induced pluripotent stem cellsSpectral Flow Cytometry

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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Histone modifications regulate gene expression and cell identity.
  • Studying diverse histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) in isolation limits understanding of their coordinated roles.
  • Conventional flow cytometry for histone PTMs has low multiplexing capacity and requires nuclear isolation, causing sample loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel spectral flow cytometry protocol, EpiFlow, for multiparametric analysis of histone PTMs in whole cells.
  • To improve throughput, efficiency, and sample integrity compared to conventional methods.
  • To provide an accessible and reproducible method for studying chromatin dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Developed EpiFlow, a spectral flow cytometry protocol for whole-cell histone PTM analysis.
  • Utilized a 96-well plate format to enhance throughput.
  • Preserved cellular integrity throughout the analysis process.

Main Results:

  • EpiFlow successfully resolved subtle variations in histone PTMs within neural progenitor cells.
  • The method captured distinct chromatin states across the cell cycle.
  • Results were correlated with several cell markers, demonstrating comprehensive cellular state analysis.

Conclusions:

  • EpiFlow offers a robust framework for exploring chromatin dynamics and histone PTMs.
  • The protocol enhances understanding of cell identity and function through multiparametric analysis.
  • Open-access resources ensure reproducibility and broad applicability in fundamental and therapeutic research.