Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

693
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
693
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

16.3K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
16.3K
Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

11.1K
Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a...
11.1K
What is Natural Selection?01:32

What is Natural Selection?

129.8K
Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
129.8K
Antibiotic Selection00:57

Antibiotic Selection

60.2K
Overview
60.2K
Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

45.3K
Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
45.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Time to Recovery from Long COVID: A Longitudinal Analysis of Symptom Duration and Risk Factors Using Accelerated Failure Time Models.

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases·2026
Same author

Unlocking Wafer-Scale 3D Photonic Systems With Ion-Beam-Induced Origami.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026
Same author

Implementation of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency Infectious Disease ALERT: Timely Information Sharing to Strengthen Frontline Healthcare Response.

Public health weekly report·2026
Same author

Biosynthesis of 6-thioguanine: characterizing two intermediates involved in its thioamide formation reaction.

ACS catalysis·2026
Same author

Sero-Epidemiologic Study of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Korea.

Journal of Korean medical science·2026
Same author

The melon gene CmVTE7 coordinates vitamin E accumulation and heat stress tolerance.

Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophils with Anti-Tumor Properties
10:15

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophils with Anti-Tumor Properties

Published on: June 19, 2015

25.5K

Potent and Selective IL-4 Inhibitors with Anti-Tumor Activity.

Raavi, Imron Chaudhry, Daniel F Sheehy

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |February 12, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Small molecule inhibitors targeting Interleukin-4 (IL-4) show promise for treating immune-mediated diseases. Optimized analogs demonstrated potent and selective IL-4 inhibition, leading to significant tumor suppression and improved survival in preclinical models.

    More Related Videos

    Characterization of the Effects of Migrastatic Inhibitors on 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion by High-resolution Confocal Microscopy
    09:17

    Characterization of the Effects of Migrastatic Inhibitors on 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion by High-resolution Confocal Microscopy

    Published on: September 16, 2019

    7.3K
    Human Serum Anti-aquaporin-4 Immunoglobulin G Detection by Cell-based Assay
    05:45

    Human Serum Anti-aquaporin-4 Immunoglobulin G Detection by Cell-based Assay

    Published on: April 5, 2019

    24.2K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Feb 13, 2026

    Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophils with Anti-Tumor Properties
    10:15

    Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophils with Anti-Tumor Properties

    Published on: June 19, 2015

    25.5K
    Characterization of the Effects of Migrastatic Inhibitors on 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion by High-resolution Confocal Microscopy
    09:17

    Characterization of the Effects of Migrastatic Inhibitors on 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion by High-resolution Confocal Microscopy

    Published on: September 16, 2019

    7.3K
    Human Serum Anti-aquaporin-4 Immunoglobulin G Detection by Cell-based Assay
    05:45

    Human Serum Anti-aquaporin-4 Immunoglobulin G Detection by Cell-based Assay

    Published on: April 5, 2019

    24.2K

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Medicinal Chemistry
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a key cytokine regulating immune responses, with dysregulated signaling implicated in diseases like cancer and autoimmunity.
    • The anti-IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) antibody dupilumab highlights IL-4 signaling as a therapeutic target.
    • Previous discovery of Nico-52, a first-in-class small molecule inhibitor of soluble IL-4.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the Nico-52 scaffold for improved potency and selectivity.
    • To evaluate the in vivo anti-tumor potential of small molecule IL-4 inhibition.
    • To assess the therapeutic promise of small molecule cytokine inhibitors for IL-4 mediated diseases.

    Main Methods:

    • Structure-activity relationship studies on the Nico-52 scaffold, focusing on modifications to the p-fluorophenyl group.
    • Thermal shift assays and HEK Blue IL-4/IL-13 reporter assays to assess binding selectivity and inhibitory potency.
    • In vitro ADME/T profiling and in vivo studies in syngeneic murine tumor models.

    Main Results:

    • Analogs with structural modifications achieved submicromolar to double-digit nanomolar potency.
    • Potent analogs demonstrated selective binding to IL-4 and potent inhibition of IL-4 over IL-13.
    • Lead analogs inhibited both type I and type II IL-4 receptor signaling, showing favorable in vitro ADME/T properties.
    • In vivo studies showed significant tumor inhibition, altered macrophage polarization, and improved survival with lead analogs.

    Conclusions:

    • Small molecule inhibitors targeting IL-4 can be optimized for potent and selective inhibition.
    • Small molecule IL-4 inhibition demonstrates significant anti-tumor efficacy and potential for improving survival.
    • These findings support the development of small molecule cytokine inhibitors for treating IL-4-driven diseases.