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Distinct cortical excitability and connectivity profiles within the human SMA complex.

Francesco Lomi1,2, Ali Jafarov1,3, Fiammetta Iannuzzo1,4

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals distinct neurophysiological and connectivity profiles for the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and supplementary motor area (SMA) in the human brain. These findings highlight differences in cortical excitability and structural connections, aiding in understanding brain network specialization.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Systems Neuroscience

Background:

  • Brain function increasingly relies on network interactions, particularly for higher-order cognitive processes.
  • The supplementary motor area (SMA) complex is a key hub linking cognitive and sensorimotor functions.
  • Mapping SMA complex dynamics in humans is challenging but crucial for understanding cognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish normative neurophysiological signatures of the SMA complex (pre-SMA and SMA).
  • To investigate causal, time-resolved cortical excitability and connectivity using TMS-EEG.
  • To differentiate the neurophysiological profiles of pre-SMA and SMA subregions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) in 21 healthy subjects.
  • Recorded cortical excitability (GMFP) and oscillatory properties (α, β2 power, NF) across six SMA complex targets.
  • Assessed corticothalamic structural connectivity using diffusion-weighted imaging metrics (AFD, FBC) to thalamic nuclei.

Main Results:

  • Significant variations in cortical excitability and oscillatory properties were found across SMA complex stimulation targets.
  • A rostro-caudal gradient of cortical excitability was observed, with differences diminishing over time.
  • Distinct structural connectivity patterns were identified between SMA subregions and thalamic nuclei.

Conclusions:

  • Provided direct human in vivo evidence for distinct neurophysiological and structural connectivity profiles of pre-SMA and SMA.
  • These differences suggest functional specialization, with pre-SMA involved in cognitive control and SMA in motor networks.
  • TMS-EEG and diffusion-weighted connectomics effectively measure fine-grained neurophysiological differences for potential individualized neuromodulation.