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    This study introduces a hybrid 3D printing method combining digital light projection and two-photon ablation for complex soft hydrogel constructs. This novel approach enables the creation of intricate, perfusable microstructures for advanced biofabrication applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomaterials Engineering
    • Biofabrication
    • Tissue Engineering

    Background:

    • Fabricating complex 3D soft hydrogel structures is challenging due to trade-offs in print size, resolution, and bioink properties.
    • Existing 3D printing methods have limitations in achieving multiscale and multi-material complexities simultaneously.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a hybrid 3D printing platform integrating additive and subtractive fabrication modes.
    • To overcome challenges in multimodal fabrication for creating complex, perfusable hydrogel constructs.

    Main Methods:

    • Combined digital light projection (DLP) for macroscale additive fabrication with two-photon ablation (TPA) for microscale subtractive fabrication.
    • Identified compatible hydrogel bioink formulations for both DLP and TPA processes.
    • Resolved technical challenges including alignment, soft-hard material printing, and hydrogel swelling.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully fabricated centimeter-scale hydrogel constructs with embedded microscale perfusable topologies.
    • Demonstrated fabrication of complex structures like perfusable microfluidic chips and dual-fluidic circuits mimicking the alveoli-capillary interface.
    • Achieved multiscale complexities not possible with isolated DLP or TPA methods.

    Conclusions:

    • The hybrid DLP-TPA platform offers a novel solution for fabricating complex, multiscale, multi-material soft hydrogel structures.
    • This technology can create advanced biofabrication constructs, including organ-on-chip models with in vivo-like complexity.
    • The platform facilitates seamless media perfusion and improved handling of mechanically weak constructs.