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Related Concept Videos

Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs)01:42

Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs)

Microtubule function and architecture are regulated by an array of specialized proteins called microtubule-associated proteins or MAPs. These proteins are widespread across different organisms and have conserved protein motifs, like the multi-TOG domain for tubulin binding found in the CLASP family of MAPs. Some MAPs are lineage-specific based on their conserved domains. Their functions depend upon the cytoskeletal architecture and cell type they are located within. In-plant cells, a specific...
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Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated assembly and...
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Binding sites linkages can regulate a protein's function.  For example, enzyme activity is often regulated through a feedback mechanism where the end product of the biochemical process serves as an inhibitor.
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Targets for Drug Action: Overview

Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
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Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model
10:32

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

Published on: March 28, 2014

Functional border-associated macrophages limit Alzheimer's Disease progression.

Drew Adler1,2,3, Natália Pinheiro-Rosa2, Alon Millet4,5

  • 1Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|February 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Border-associated macrophages (BAMs) are crucial in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Preserving BAM function offers a new therapeutic strategy for these neurodegenerative conditions.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

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08:41

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06:35

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Published on: February 8, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Brain-resident macrophages, including microglia and border-associated macrophages (BAMs), are implicated in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathogenesis.
  • Disentangling the specific roles of microglia versus BAMs in AD has been challenging.
  • The gene Maf, identified through AD GWAS studies, is critical for BAM survival but not microglial survival.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the contribution of BAMs to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) progression.
  • To explore the functional changes in BAMs during AD pathogenesis.
  • To evaluate the therapeutic potential of preserving BAM function in AD.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized BAM-depleted mice crossed with the 5xFAD AD model.
  • Analyzed markers of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), beta-amyloid burden, and neurodegeneration.
  • Assessed BAM and microglial endocytic capacity and metabolic state in AD models and human samples.

Main Results:

  • BAM depletion in AD models exacerbated cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), increased beta-amyloid load, and accelerated neurodegeneration and memory deficits.
  • In healthy brains, BAMs exhibit higher beta-amyloid uptake than microglia.
  • During AD progression, BAMs show reduced numbers, impaired endocytic function, and metabolic exhaustion earlier than microglia.

Conclusions:

  • BAMs play a critical protective role in mitigating AD and CAA pathology.
  • BAM dysfunction, characterized by reduced numbers and impaired phagocytic capacity, contributes significantly to AD progression.
  • Strategies aimed at preserving or restoring BAM function represent a promising novel therapeutic avenue for Alzheimer's Disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy.