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Related Concept Videos

Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Colloids and Suspensions01:17

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
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Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

Oligosaccharide Assembly

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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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High Resolution Imaging of Nonequilibrium Colloidal Self-Assembly via Photofixation.

Jagannath Satpathy1, Jim Jui-Kai Chen1, Gang Wen1,2

  • 1Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Division for Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.

ACS Nano
|February 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

We developed FRAME, a new method to study dynamic colloidal nanoparticle structures. This technique uses UV light to fix structures, enabling detailed analysis for designing advanced functional materials.

Keywords:
3D imagingSTED microscopycolloidal self-assemblyoptical matteroptical trappingphotopolymerizationscanning electron microscopy (SEM)

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Area of Science:

  • Colloidal science
  • Materials science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Colloidal nanoparticles self-organize into equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium structures.
  • Out-of-equilibrium assemblies are dynamic and reconfigurable, posing challenges for structure-function analysis.
  • Current characterization methods struggle with the transient nature of these assemblies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel methodology, Fixation and Resolving of Colloidal Active Matter Ensembles (FRAME), for characterizing nonequilibrium colloidal assemblies.
  • To enable detailed structural analysis of dynamic colloidal structures.
  • To facilitate the rational design and application of functional materials from colloidal self-organization.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the FRAME methodology combining UV photopolymerization for fixation and high-resolution imaging (3D confocal microscopy, SEM, 3D STED).
  • Applied FRAME to Optical Matter (OM) structures formed at the glass/water interface using an optical trap.
  • Analyzed structures composed of colloidal nanoparticles (200 nm to 1 μm).

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that the UV fixation process in FRAME does not alter the structural properties of colloidal assemblies.
  • Validated the accuracy of structural analysis using high-resolution imaging techniques after fixation.
  • Successfully characterized complex Optical Matter structures with nanoparticles ranging from 200 nm to 1 μm.

Conclusions:

  • FRAME provides a robust and accurate method for investigating nonequilibrium colloidal assemblies.
  • This technique overcomes limitations of current methods for studying transient, dynamic structures.
  • FRAME paves the way for the rational design and application of functional materials based on active colloidal self-organization.