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Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

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Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
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Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Range00:59

Range

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The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
Measurements of the amount of soda in a 16-ounce can vary since different subjects record these measurements or since the exact amount - 16 ounces of liquid, was not...
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Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

26.6K
Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

26.2K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

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Multi-Group Functional Additive Enhances the Wide-Temperature-Range Performance of Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Weizhen Fan1, Jian Cai1, Wenlian Wang2

  • 1School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|February 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new electrolyte additive, trimethylsiloxybenzenesulfonate (TMBS), significantly boosts sodium-ion battery performance across a wide temperature range. This TMBS additive enhances stability and suppresses side reactions in NaNi0.33Fe0.33Mn0.33O2/hard carbon batteries.

Keywords:
additiveall-climaterate performancesodium-ion batteriestrimethylsiloxybenzenesulfonate

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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Extending the Lifespan of Soluble Lead Flow Batteries with a Sodium Acetate Additive
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Extending the Lifespan of Soluble Lead Flow Batteries with a Sodium Acetate Additive

Published on: January 7, 2019

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are promising for large-scale energy storage.
  • Performance of SIBs is often limited by electrolyte stability and side reactions, especially at extreme temperatures.
  • Developing advanced electrolytes is crucial for improving SIB operational range and longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a functional electrolyte additive for enhancing the performance of NaNi0.33Fe0.33Mn0.33O2 (NFM)/hard carbon (HC) SIBs.
  • To investigate the effect of trimethylsiloxybenzenesulfonate (TMBS) on battery performance across a wide temperature range (-30 to 60 °C).
  • To establish an additive design principle for high-performance pouch SIBs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of a novel electrolyte additive, TMBS.
  • Electrochemical testing of NFM/HC SIBs with TMBS-containing electrolytes.
  • Comparative analysis against additive-free and monofunctional additive electrolytes (MS, MBS).
  • Evaluation of battery performance under various conditions: overdischarge, rate capability, cycling stability at different temperatures (-30, -10, 45, 60 °C).

Main Results:

  • TMBS additive effectively suppresses side reactions at the anode.
  • TMBS promotes the formation of a robust cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) over a wide temperature range.
  • TMBS-containing cells demonstrated superior performance in overdischarge testing at 60 °C.
  • Enhanced rate capability and cycling stability were observed at 45 °C.
  • Improved discharge performance at -30 °C and excellent low-temperature cycling stability at -10 °C were achieved.

Conclusions:

  • Trimethylsiloxybenzenesulfonate (TMBS) is an effective multigroup electrolyte additive for NFM/HC SIBs.
  • TMBS significantly enhances battery performance and stability across a broad temperature spectrum.
  • The study provides a valuable additive design strategy for developing advanced pouch SIBs.