Advances in Using Exchange Reactions for Synthesizing and Recycling Condensation Polymers

Condensation polymers are extensively utilized across various industries, including applications in bottles, fibers, films, and engineering materials. As an industrial fundamental method for the synthesis of condensation polymers, the polycondensation process has undergone significant development over the past century. A defining feature of polycondensation is the occurrence of exchange reactions, which are critically important in both polymer synthesis and recycling processes, such as alcohol-ester and acid-alcohol exchange reactions. This review provides an in-depth discussion of exchange reactions, highlighting several representative examples applied in polymer synthesis and recycling. It further explores the underlying reaction mechanisms and reviews relevant studies on polymer synthesis using this polycondensation approach. In light of the persistent challenge posed by plastic pollution, this article also discusses the role of exchange reactions in polymer recycling, with the objective of offering meaningful insights into the sustainable reuse of condensation polymers. Furthermore, the review identifies current limitations of the polycondensation technique and discusses potential directions for future research and development.