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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

In vitro Assessment of Cardiac Reprogramming by Measuring Cardiac Specific Calcium Flux with a GCaMP3 Reporter

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In vitro sex-specific function-structure relationship in neonatal rat cardiac monolayers.

Mary Tran^1,2, Toby Viet Nguyen^1,2, Suhani Khandelwal^1,2

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|February 12, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an in vitro heart-on-a-chip model using neonatal rat ventricular myocytes to investigate sex differences in cardiac function. The platform reveals sex chromosome-driven variations in cardiac tissue structure and function under controlled conditions.

Keywords:

cardiac structure and function heart-on-a-chip sex difference

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Isolation and Cryopreservation of Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes

Isolation and Cryopreservation of Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes

Published on: April 9, 2015

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Biology
Regenerative Medicine
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

In vivo rodent models are limited for studying isolated sex differences in cardiac anisotropic monolayers.
In vitro platforms provide a controlled environment to dissect sex-specific cardiac mechanisms.
Understanding sex-based cardiac variations is crucial for personalized medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish and validate an in vitro heart-on-a-chip platform for studying sex differences in cardiac tissue.
To investigate sex chromosome-driven characteristics in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes.
To characterize functional and structural sex-based divergences in cardiac monolayers.

Main Methods:

Utilized a heart-on-a-chip platform with primary neonatal rat ventricular myocytes.
Maintained identical experimental conditions for male and female cells.
Analyzed self-assembled cardiomyocyte monolayers for morphological and functional differences.

Main Results:

Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes on the chip exhibited sex chromosome-driven characteristics.
Controlled conditions revealed morphological differences in the contractile apparatus.
Confluent monolayers showed sex-driven divergence in structure and function.

Conclusions:

The in vitro heart-on-a-chip model is a viable platform for studying sex differences in cardiac function.
Sex chromosomes influence cardiac tissue structure and function in isolated monolayers.
This model offers a novel approach to investigate sex-based cardiac variations.