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Harmonising Life Cycle Assessment of Biosolids Processing Systems: Reducing Variability and Identifying Key Sources

Jingwen Luo1, Ruth Fisher1, Shamim Aryampa1

  • 1School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.

Environmental Science & Technology
|February 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Harmonizing life cycle assessment (LCA) studies for biosolids processing reveals anaerobic digestion is the most sustainable option. Key variables like electricity mix significantly impact environmental performance assessments.

Keywords:
biosolidsharmonisationlife cycle assessmentmodeling choicesuncertainty and variability

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Waste Management

Background:

  • Growing concerns over greenhouse gas emissions and emerging contaminants necessitate sustainable biosolids processing.
  • Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is crucial for evaluating environmental performance but suffers from methodological inconsistencies, hindering comparability.
  • Existing LCA studies lack a harmonized baseline, limiting reliable comparisons of biosolids processing technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically reduce variability in published biosolids processing LCA estimates.
  • To establish a harmonized baseline for comparing the environmental performance of different biosolids processing technologies.
  • To identify key drivers of variability in biosolids LCA and propose tools for customized assessments.

Main Methods:

  • A harmonization approach was applied to 19 LCA studies covering four biosolids processing systems (anaerobic digestion, incineration, composting, pyrolysis).
  • A biosolids LCA benchmarking tool was proposed for customized, site-specific harmonization.
  • Partial harmonization was introduced as a sensitivity analysis to identify dominant sources of variability.

Main Results:

  • Harmonization significantly reduced variability and clarified comparative environmental outcomes.
  • Anaerobic digestion demonstrated the lowest mean harmonized global warming potential.
  • Incineration and composting showed the highest environmental impact, while pyrolysis exhibited the widest range due to technological heterogeneity.

Conclusions:

  • Harmonized LCA provides a more reliable basis for comparing biosolids processing technologies.
  • Anaerobic digestion emerges as the most environmentally favorable option based on harmonized global warming potential.
  • Electricity mix, energy recovery system boundaries, and fertilizer substitution assumptions are critical factors influencing LCA variability and require careful consideration.