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Maternal Diabetes and Early Neurodevelopment: Differential Milestone Attainment in Offspring by Diabetes Type
Liya Kerem1, Joshua Guedalia2,3, Michal Lipschuetz3,4,5
1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
Diabetes Care
|February 12, 2026
Summary
Maternal diabetes, particularly pregestational types, is linked to delayed developmental milestones in children. Gestational diabetes also showed a slight association with fine motor delays.
Area of Science:
- Developmental Pediatrics
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Background:
- Maternal diabetes is a known risk factor for offspring neurodevelopmental disorders.
- The impact of maternal diabetes on early developmental milestone attainment remains unclear.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between maternal diabetes (gestational, type 1, type 2) and delayed developmental milestones in offspring.
- To compare risks across different types of maternal diabetes and infant sex.
Main Methods:
- Nationwide retrospective cohort study of 466,462 infants born between 2018-2021.
- Utilized linked national maternal-child health and hospital discharge data.
- Assessed developmental milestones up to 24 months via structured nurse assessments.
Main Results:
- Pregestational diabetes (type 1 and type 2) significantly increased risk for delays in language, personal-social, and gross motor skills.
- Offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes had the highest risk, particularly female infants.
- Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was associated with a modest increase in fine motor delays.
Conclusions:
- Pregestational maternal diabetes is associated with delayed milestone attainment in a manner dependent on diabetes type, developmental domain, and infant sex.
- Further research is needed to understand long-term outcomes and inform early interventions for exposed children.
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