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Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
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Synergistic Crystallization and Defect Passivation Induced by a Multifunctional Additive for >20% Efficient

Reza Ghayoor1,2, Fatemeh Ghasemi1, Fariba Tajabadi3

  • 1Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institute for Convergence Science & Technology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 1458889694, Iran.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|February 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) as a multifunctional additive for carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs). AMPS enhances device efficiency, stability, and crystallinity by passivating defects and reducing ion migration.

Keywords:
2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS)carbon-based perovskite solar cellscrystallizationdefect passivationink additivemulti-functional group

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show great potential but suffer from stability and efficiency issues.
  • Multifunctional molecular additives are key to overcoming these limitations in PSCs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) as an additive in carbon-based PSCs (C-PSCs).
  • To evaluate AMPS's ability to enhance crystallization, passivate defects, and suppress ion migration.

Main Methods:

  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and spectroscopic analyses were used to study AMPS-perovskite interactions.
  • Fabrication and characterization of C-PSCs with varying AMPS concentrations.

Main Results:

  • AMPS demonstrated strong interfacial binding, preferential Pb-SO3H coordination, and effective defect passivation.
  • Optimized AMPS content led to a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.2%, improved fill factor, and enhanced charge extraction.
  • Devices showed reduced ion migration, a lower ideality factor, and retained 95% of initial PCE after 1000 hours of operation.

Conclusions:

  • AMPS is a cost-effective, solution-processable additive that improves C-PSC performance and stability.
  • AMPS effectively stabilizes the perovskite lattice by modulating crystallization, passivating defects, and suppressing ion migration.
  • This work presents a scalable strategy for developing efficient and stable next-generation perovskite photovoltaics.