A molecular perspective on cardioprotective potential of Moringa oleifera Lam. and its nano-formulations

Moringa oleifera Lam. (Family: Moringaceae) possesses diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects. Despite growing evidence of its cardiovascular benefits, a comprehensive synthesis of the molecular mechanisms involved in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is lacking.

This review aims to consolidate existing evidence on the molecular mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of Moringa oleifera Lam. and its nanoformulations, thereby providing a framework for future investigations in CVD therapy.

Relevant literature published between 2015 and 2025 on the cardioprotective activities of Moringa oleifera Lam. was systematically retrieved from major scientific databases, including ScienceDirect, PubMed, Springer, Taylor & Francis, and Web of Science.

A comprehensive review of literature from 2015 to 2025 identified 89 in vivo, 24 in vitro, 8 clinical, and 6 nanoformulation studies, addressing major cardiovascular conditions. Leaves were the most studied plant part (78%), mainly as aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Key bioactives included flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), glucosinolates, and isothiocyanates. Cardioprotection was mediated through modulation of multiple pathways, NF-κB, Nrf2/Keap1, PI3K/Akt, PPAR, AMPK, and MAPK. Nanoformulation-based delivery systems demonstrated superior bioavailability and enhanced cardioprotective efficacy at lower doses compared to crude extracts. Clinical trials reported significant improvements in blood pressure, lipid profiles, and oxidative stress markers, although the rigour and sample sizes varied considerably.

Moringa oleifera Lam. exhibits strong cardioprotective potential, and nanoformulation-based delivery systems further augment its therapeutic efficacy. While preclinical evidence is encouraging, rigorously designed clinical studies are urgently required to validate its safety, effectiveness, and translational value in CVD management.