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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Non-Verbal Cues01:29

Non-Verbal Cues

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Non-verbal communication extends beyond gestures and facial expressions to include vocal elements known as paralanguage. Paralanguage consists of non-verbal vocal cues such as pitch, loudness, speech rate, pauses, and non-verbal vocalizations like laughter, sighs, and moans. These elements not only accompany speech but also provide critical emotional and contextual information.The Role of Paralanguage in CommunicationParalanguage adds depth to spoken language by conveying emotions and...
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Channels of Non-Verbal Communication01:28

Channels of Non-Verbal Communication

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Non-verbal communication plays a critical role in human interaction, influencing how individuals perceive emotions and psychological states. It operates through four primary channels: facial expressions, eye contact, body language, and touch. These non-verbal cues help convey meaning beyond spoken language and are often culturally influenced.Facial Expressions and Emotional RecognitionFacial expressions are among the most powerful and universal forms of non-verbal communication. Research has...
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
831
Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)
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Verbal, visual and musical memory in children with and without Developmental Language Disorder.

Amy Catherine Fancourt1, Victoria J Williamson2, Diana Omigie1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London SE14 6NW, UK.

Research in Developmental Disabilities
|February 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) show difficulties with musical short-term memory (STM), suggesting visual cues may support their auditory STM. This impacts understanding cognitive mechanisms in DLD.

Keywords:
Auditory short-term memoryDevelopmental Language Disorder (DLD)Global local processingMusic cognitionMusical memoryVisual short-term memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is linked to verbal short-term memory (STM) deficits.
  • Limited research explores DLD's impact on non-linguistic auditory processing, like music.
  • Shared cognitive resources may underlie verbal and musical STM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if verbal STM impairments in DLD affect musical STM.
  • To explore the relationship between auditory processing, musical STM, and DLD.
  • To identify potential compensatory mechanisms in musical STM for children with DLD.

Main Methods:

  • Compared children with DLD and typically developing (TD) peers (matched for chronological and verbal mental age).
  • Administered auditory tasks: pitch discrimination and melody memory (global vs. local differences).
  • Conducted correlational analyses between STM (verbal, visual, auditory) and melody discrimination performance.

Main Results:

  • All groups discriminated pitch direction; chronological age (CA) group outperformed VMA and DLD groups.
  • Melody discrimination was better for global than local differences across groups; CA group superior to DLD/VMA.
  • Melody discrimination correlated with auditory STM in TD children, but with visual STM in children with DLD.

Conclusions:

  • Children with DLD exhibit challenges in musical STM, distinct from typically developing peers.
  • Auditory STM is linked to musical memory in TD children, but not in DLD.
  • Visual STM may support musical STM in children with DLD, indicating potential cross-modal compensation.