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Evaluation of Public Open Spaces for Physical Activity in Pelotas (Brazil) Over a Decade: A Mixed-Methods Study.

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Prevalence, Perpetrators, and Patterns of Violence in Pelotas, Brazil: A Cross-Cohort Analysis Over Four Decades.

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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
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Population-Level Violence as a Whole.

Michelle Degli Esposti1, David K Humphreys1, Joseph Murray1

  • 1At the time of the study, Michelle Degli Esposti and Joseph Murray were with the Human Development and Violence (DOVE) Research Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil. David K. Humphreys is with the Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

American Journal of Public Health
|February 12, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Violence prevention efforts are hindered by reductionist approaches. A shift to holistic, systems-level thinking is needed for effective, large-scale violence reduction strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Sociology
  • Complexity Science

Background:

  • Global violence reduction efforts face challenges despite the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.
  • Current violence prevention research is dominated by reductionism, limiting progress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critique the impact of reductionism on violence research.
  • To advocate for a shift towards a holistic, complex systems approach in violence prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Revisiting foundational principles in sociology and public health.
  • Applying advances from social epidemiology and complexity science.
  • Analyzing the limitations of mainstream statistical methods in violence research.

Main Results:

  • Reductionist paradigms and oversimplified statistical methods hinder comprehensive understanding of violence.
  • Violence is better conceptualized as an emergent property of complex systems.
  • A holistic lens is crucial for developing effective, scalable interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Current reductionist approaches in violence research are inadequate.
  • Adopting a complex systems perspective can improve explanatory theories.
  • A holistic approach is essential for informing effective, large-scale violence reduction strategies.