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Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and formation of different bonds. Chemical bonding is central to chemistry; it explains how atoms or ions bond together to form molecules. It explains why some bonds are strong and others are weak, or why one carbon bonds with two oxygens and not three; why water is H2O and not H4O. 
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A chemical bonding adhesive for PEEK based on aromatic ring interactions.

Miki Hori1, Kazuo Ohkuma2, Tatsushi Kawai1

  • 1Department of Dental Materials Science, Aichi Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Japan.

Dental Materials : Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials
|February 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new two-part adhesive effectively bonds to polyetheretherketone (PEEK) by utilizing noncovalent π-π interactions. This novel approach provides strong, reliable adhesion without aggressive chemical treatments, advancing dental applications.

Keywords:
AdhesionFTIRImidazoleMicro-shear bond strengthMiscibilityPEEKPhenyl ringResin cementXPSπ–π interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Adhesive Dentistry

Background:

  • Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance thermoplastic known for its excellent chemical resistance and mechanical properties, making it suitable for dental and medical applications.
  • However, its inert surface and semicrystalline nature present significant challenges for achieving reliable adhesive bonding.
  • Current methods often require aggressive surface treatments that can compromise the material's integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel two-part adhesive system for bonding to polyetheretherketone (PEEK).
  • To achieve strong adhesion by targeting PEEK's phenylene backbone units through noncovalent π-π interactions and ensuring chain-level compatibility.
  • To evaluate the adhesive's performance without requiring aggressive chemical pretreatments.

Main Methods:

  • Candidate solvents and monomers were screened for miscibility with PEEK using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
  • A two-part adhesive formulation was designed using 1-vinylimidazole and glycidyl methacrylate, along with other methacrylate monomers and a photoinitiator system.
  • Interfacial chemistry was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and micro-shear bond strength was tested on grit-blasted PEEK at 24 hours and 2 weeks.

Main Results:

  • Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated chain-level compatibility between the adhesive components and PEEK.
  • Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed chemical interactions, showing decreased PEEK phenylene/ether bands and increased epoxy ring-opening product bands.
  • The optimized adhesive formulation achieved a micro-shear bond strength of 19.3 ± 3.4 MPa at 2 weeks, significantly outperforming a commercial control adhesive.

Conclusions:

  • The developed two-part adhesive successfully bonds to PEEK by leveraging π-π interactions and achieving chain-level compatibility.
  • This non-aggressive bonding strategy offers a promising clinical approach for PEEK in adhesive dentistry.
  • The findings suggest potential applications for this adhesive system on other aromatic engineering polymers after further validation.