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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Malachite Green Assay for the Discovery of Heat-Shock Protein 90 Inhibitors
Published on: January 20, 2023
Adsorption kinetics and isotherms of malachite green removal from aqueous solution using TiO2 loaded on f-MWCNTs
Fereshteh Jomardani1, Reza Shakeri1, Raziyeh Akbarzadeh2
1Department of Environment Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran.
Abstract:
This study investigated the removal of toxic Malachite Green (MG) dye from aqueous solution using a nanocomposite of TiO₂ loaded on functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (TiO₂/f-MWCNT). The nanocomposite was synthesized via a hydrothermal method and characterized using XRD, FESEM, FTIR, BET, and EDS. The optimal adsorption conditions were determined as pH = 8, adsorbent dose of 0.005 g, equilibrium time of 10 min, and temperature of 293 K. Under these conditions, the maximum adsorption capacity reached 38.61 mg/g with a removal efficiency exceeding 95%. Kinetic data showed an excellent fit to the pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.99), indicating a chemisorption-controlled process. The equilibrium adsorption behavior was well described by the Langmuir-2 isotherm model (R2 = 0.99), confirming monolayer formation on a homogeneous surface. Additionally, the Freundlich, Temkin, and Elovich models also showed favorable fitting (R2 ≥ 0.98), suggesting a combined physical-chemical adsorption mechanism on a heterogeneous surface. The adsorbent was effectively regenerated with a 1 M NaOH solution, achieving 99% recovery. These results demonstrate the rapid and efficient performance of TiO₂/f-MWCNT as a promising adsorbent for the treatment of wastewater containing cationic dyes.
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