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Distinguishing Features of ILC2s During Type 2 Immune Responses.

Manuel O Jakob1,2, Patrycja M Forster1, Christoph S N Klose1,3

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Innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2s) share functions with T helper 2 (Th2) cells but have unique roles in immunity. ILC2s are crucial for tissue homeostasis and inflammation, interacting with various cells to orchestrate type 2 immune responses.

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Innate immunityinnate lymphoid cellsmucosal immunologytype 2 immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are crucial immune cells present in tissues from early development.
  • ILCs and T cells share transcriptional programs, immune modules, and effector functions.
  • ILC2s are a subset of ILCs that produce type 2 cytokines, similar to T helper 2 (Th2) cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the distinguishing features and nonredundant functions of ILC2s in homeostasis and inflammation.
  • To review the regulation, kinetics, and spatial distribution of ILC2 effector functions.
  • To examine the crosstalk between ILC2s and nonimmune cells like epithelial cells, stromal cells, and neurons.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on ILC2s and their interactions.
  • Comparative analysis of ILC2 and Th2 cell functions.
  • Examination of ILC2 roles in tissue homeostasis and inflammatory responses.

Main Results:

  • ILC2s exhibit striking overlaps with Th2 cells in effector functions but possess unique characteristics.
  • ILC2s display distinct regulation, response kinetics, and spatial distribution patterns.
  • ILC2s engage in crosstalk with epithelial cells, stromal cells, and neurons, influencing immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • ILC2s play nonredundant roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis and managing inflammation.
  • Neurons and epithelial cells can trigger ILC2 responses and rely on ILC2-derived cytokines.
  • The expulsion of gut nematodes is initiated by the intestinal epithelium but critically depends on ILC2-orchestrated type 2 immunity.