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Review of Material Processing Technology for 3D Concrete Printing
Adam Hutyra1, Marcin Maroszek1, Magdalena Rudziewicz1
1Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 13, 2026
Summary
This review examines concrete 3D printing (3DCP) mortar formulation, focusing on the material processing chain from raw materials to deposition. It highlights key components and strategies for reliable, automated construction.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Construction Engineering
- Additive Manufacturing
Background:
- Concrete 3D printing (3DCP) offers automated construction solutions.
- Optimizing mortar formulation is crucial for 3DCP success.
- Existing literature and industrial practices require synthesis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review 3DCP mortar formulation and processing.
- To analyze the material processing chain in detail.
- To identify limitations and future research directions.
Main Methods:
- Literature review and synthesis of industrial practices.
- Analysis of the material processing chain: storage, handling, mixing, deposition.
- Discussion of material components (binders, aggregates, admixtures) and their effects.
Main Results:
- Binder, aggregate, reinforcement, and admixture choices significantly impact rheology, buildability, and early-age performance.
- Mixing and deposition strategies influence mix consistency and process reliability.
- Automation and nozzle-injected additives are key to advanced 3DCP.
Conclusions:
- Successful 3DCP requires careful control over the entire material processing chain.
- Addressing limitations in mixing, monitoring, and adaptive formulation is vital for scalability.
- Future research should focus on continuous mixing and on-site adaptive strategies.
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