Development and Transformation of Veterinary Experimental In Vitro Models: From 2D Culture to 3D Organoids

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Science
• Biomedical Engineering
• Cell Biology

Background:

• Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures have limitations in physiological relevance and species specificity for animal research.
• The evolution of in vitro models is critical for bridging basic research and clinical translation in life sciences.
• Organoid technology offers a promising alternative to traditional animal testing models.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the evolution of in vitro models from 2D cultures to 3D organoids in veterinary science.
• To highlight how organoid technology addresses limitations of traditional models, including physiological relevance, species specificity, and ethical concerns.
• To discuss the current state and future directions of organoid research in veterinary applications.

Main Methods:

• Narrative review of scientific literature on organoid technology development.
• Focus on organoid construction for various organs (intestine, liver, reproductive system) in companion and livestock animals.
• Analysis of technical challenges and proposed future advancements in organoid research.

Main Results:

• Organoid technology significantly enhances physiological relevance and species specificity compared to 2D models.
• Current veterinary organoid research includes models for key organs in various animal species.
• Identified bottlenecks include model complexity, standardization, vascularization, and immune microenvironment simulation.

Conclusions:

• Organoid technology is crucial for advancing veterinary precision medicine, offering improved ethical and relevant in vitro models.
• Future developments integrating biomaterials, microfluidics, 3D printing, and AI will enhance organoid complexity and applicability.
• Organoid technology holds broad application prospects for veterinary research and clinical translation.