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Rumen Microbial Composition and Fermentation Variables Associated with Methane Production in Italian Simmental Dairy

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Microbiology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Enteric methane (CH4) emissions from dairy cows contribute to greenhouse gas output.
  • Understanding the factors influencing methane production in cattle is crucial for developing mitigation strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in ruminal and fecal microbiota, fermentation, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) between high (HME) and low (LME) methane-emitting Simmental dairy cows.
  • To identify microbial and metabolic markers associated with methane emission levels in dairy cattle.

Main Methods:

  • Quantified methane emissions using a portable gas detector.
  • Selected HME and LME groups from 48 cows based on emission levels.
  • Analyzed rumen fluid and fecal samples for pH, ammonia, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), VOCs, and microbial composition (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, Shannon index).

Main Results:

  • HME cows showed significantly higher CH4 emissions (22.5 vs. 13.2 g/kg DMI) and neutral detergent fiber digestibility.
  • Valeric acid concentration and acetate-to-propionate ratio were higher in HME cows.
  • Distinct VOC profiles and microbial community structures (order and genus levels) were observed between HME and LME groups, with HME cows having higher abundance of Methanosphaera and Methanobacteriales.

Conclusions:

  • Rumen microbial community composition and fermentation traits differ significantly between high and low methane emitters.
  • Targeting and reshaping the rumen microbiome presents a viable strategy for mitigating methane emissions in dairy production.
  • Findings provide insights for developing microbiome-driven approaches to reduce environmental impact in cattle farming.