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Related Concept Videos

Systematic Sampling Method01:17

Systematic Sampling Method

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...
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Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors01:15

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In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
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Random and Systematic Errors01:20

Random and Systematic Errors

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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
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Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error01:10

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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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Integration by Parts: Indefinite Integrals01:26

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Integration by parts is a fundamental technique in calculus for evaluating integrals involving the product of two functions. It is particularly useful when direct integration is not feasible. The method is based on the product rule for differentiation, which states that the derivative of a product equals the derivative of the first function times the second, plus the first function times the derivative of the second. By integrating this identity and rearranging terms, the integration by parts...
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Related Experiment Video

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Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy
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Optimizing Prostate Biopsy Pathways: Integrating MRI-Targeted, Systematic Sampling, and Clinical Judgment in the

Catalin Andrei Bulai1,2, Razvan Andrei Stoica1,3, Adrian Militaru1,2

  • 1Faculty of General Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Combining multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) metrics and targeted biopsies improves prostate cancer detection. A structured, risk-adapted approach using combined biopsy strategies is recommended for accurate diagnosis and to avoid overdiagnosis.

Keywords:
MRI-targeted biopsyPSA densityclinically significant prostate cancercombined biopsydiagnostic pathwaysmultiparametric MRIprostate cancersystematic biopsy

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A Cognitive Fusion-guided Prostate Biopsy Using Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Transrectal Ultrasound
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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Prostate cancer diagnostics have advanced with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) metrics, and targeted biopsies.
  • Despite advancements, mpMRI is not infallible, potentially leading to missed clinically significant prostate cancer, especially with MRI-occult disease or abnormal PSA kinetics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on PSA interpretation, mpMRI performance, and biopsy strategies.
  • To highlight limitations of single-parameter diagnostic approaches in prostate cancer detection.
  • To propose a risk-adapted diagnostic pathway integrating multiple parameters.

Main Methods:

  • This narrative review synthesizes contemporary evidence from peer-reviewed literature.
  • It analyzes the diagnostic yield and clinical implications of targeted, systematic, and combined biopsy techniques.
  • Expert-derived conceptual framework for risk-adapted decision-making is presented.

Main Results:

  • Single-parameter approaches have limitations in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer.
  • Combined targeted and systematic biopsy strategies show promise for maximizing detection and minimizing overdiagnosis.
  • Systematic sampling remains crucial even with negative or equivocal imaging findings.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating PSA dynamics, prostate volume, imaging, and risk profiles enables a structured, risk-adapted diagnostic pathway.
  • Combined targeted and systematic biopsy is the most robust strategy for biopsy-naive and high-risk patients.
  • Prospective validation of the proposed framework is warranted.