Thermally Fine-Tuned NiO_x-MAPbI₃ Interfaces Enabled by a Polymeric Surface Additive for High-Sensitivity Self-Powered...

Self-powered perovskite photodiodes provide an attractive platform for low-power and high-sensitivity photodetection; however, their performance capabilities are often constrained by inefficient interfacial charge extraction and noise suppression. Here, we report a polymer-mediated interfacial engineering strategy for methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI₃) photodiodes by integrating thermally optimized nickel oxide (NiO_x) hole-transport layers (HTLs) with a nonionic polymeric surfactant, poly(oxyethylene)(10) tridecyl ether (PTE). NiO_x films annealed at 300 °C establish a favorable energetic baseline for hole extraction, while the ppm-level incorporation of PTE into the MAPbI₃ precursor enables the molecular-scale modulation of the NiO_x/MAPbI₃ interface without forming an additional interlayer. The external quantum efficiency at 640 nm increases from 78.7% for pristine MAPbI₃ to 84.1% and 84.6% for devices incorporating 30 and 60 ppm PTE, corresponding to enhanced responsivities of 406, 434, and 437 mA/W. These improvements translate into reduced noise-equivalent power and an increase in the noise-limited detectivity from 2.50 × 10¹² to 2.76 × 10¹² Jones under zero-bias operation. Importantly, enhanced sensitivity is achieved without compromising the dynamic performance, as all devices retain fast temporal responses and kilohertz-level bandwidths. These results establish polymeric-surfactant-assisted interfacial engineering as a scalable and effective platform for low-noise, high-sensitivity self-powered perovskite photodiodes for renewable-energy-integrated systems.