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IoT-Driven Pull Scheduling to Avoid Congestion in Human Emergency Evacuation.

Erol Gelenbe1,2,3, Yuting Ma1

  • 1IITiS-PAN, 44100 Gliwice, Poland.

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|February 13, 2026
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Summary

The Internet of Things (IoT) can optimize emergency evacuations by dynamically guiding people to reduce congestion. A novel Pull Policy using IoT sensing and signaling effectively manages passenger flow, especially in confined spaces like cruise ships.

Keywords:
G-NetworksInternet of Thingscruise shipsemergency evacuationevacuation delaymaritime passenger transport

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Area of Science:

  • Emergency management
  • Internet of Things (IoT) applications
  • Human behavior in emergencies

Background:

  • Efficient human evacuation is crucial during emergencies, particularly in confined spaces like cruise ships.
  • Congestion in passageways significantly complicates and slows down evacuation processes.
  • The Internet of Things (IoT) offers potential solutions for real-time monitoring and dynamic guidance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze an emergency evacuation system using an analytical queueing network approach.
  • To propose and evaluate the IoT-based Pull Policy for reducing downstream congestion during evacuations.
  • To demonstrate the effectiveness of the Pull Policy in a realistic cruise ship evacuation scenario.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an analytical queueing network model to represent the evacuation system.
  • Implemented the IoT-based Pull Policy, which directs evacuees based on downstream conditions.
  • Simulated evacuation scenarios on a model of a commercial cruise ship.

Main Results:

  • The IoT-based Pull Policy effectively reduces downstream congestion by signaling evacuees.
  • The queueing network model allowed for efficient comparison of various routing rules and speed parameters.
  • Numerical examples validated the policy's value for timely evacuation in confined spaces.

Conclusions:

  • The IoT-based Pull Policy is a valuable strategy for enhancing the efficiency and safety of emergency evacuations.
  • Dynamic guidance systems leveraging IoT can significantly mitigate congestion in complex environments.
  • This approach is particularly effective for large-scale evacuations from vessels like cruise ships.