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Author Spotlight: Addressing Technical and Subjective Challenges in Measuring Classroom Attention

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Exploring the Balance Between Artificial Intelligence and Human Expertise in Shaping Breast Reconstruction Outcomes:

Ioan Constantin Pop^1,2, Maximilian Vlad Muntean^2,3, Vlad Alexandru Gata^4,5

¹Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Journal of Clinical Medicine

|February 13, 2026

Summary

Artificial intelligence (AI) provides satisfactory answers for breast reconstruction patient questions. While generally accurate, AI shows limitations in nuanced oncological justification compared to expert surgeons.

Keywords:

ChatGPT artificial intelligence breast reconstruction oncological surgery patient education postoperative care

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Area of Science:

Medical Informatics
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Surgical Oncology

Background:

Artificial intelligence (AI) shows promise in patient education and clinical decision support.
AI's role in counseling patients regarding breast reconstruction is not well-established.
This study evaluates AI performance in breast reconstruction patient counseling.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare artificial intelligence (AI)-generated responses with expert surgeon answers.
To assess AI performance in answering patient questions on breast reconstruction.
To evaluate AI responses across oncological justification, reconstructive options, and postoperative care domains.

Main Methods:

An observer-blinded study utilized five real-world clinical scenarios.
ChatGPT-5 and a senior plastic surgeon responded to patient questions.
Answers were evaluated by another senior surgeon using a 4-grade scoring system for accuracy, completeness, safety, nuance, and guideline adherence.

Main Results:

AI responses averaged a score of 3.1 ± 0.6 across 40 questions.
AI scored lower for oncological justification (2.8 ± 0.7) but higher for reconstruction options/outcomes and postoperative care (3.2 ± 0.4).
No AI responses were unsatisfactory; 15% were excellent, comprehensive, accurate, and patient-friendly.

Conclusions:

ChatGPT-5 offers satisfactory, readable, and medically accurate basic answers for breast reconstruction patient queries.
AI demonstrates limitations in providing nuanced oncological justification.
AI shows potential as a supplementary tool for patient education in breast reconstruction.