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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
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A stroke engine has a slider-crank mechanism that converts rotational motion from the crank into linear motion of the slider or vice versa. This mechanism consists of three main parts: the crank, the connecting rod, and the slider.
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Relative Motion Analysis - Acceleration01:10

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A slider-crank mechanism converts rotational motion from the crank into linear motion of the slider or vice versa. This mechanism consists of three main parts: the crank, the connecting rod, and the slider. The movement of the slider-crank is an example of general plane motion as the fluctuating angle between the crank and the connecting rod. Consider a segment AB where point A is at the end of the slider and point B is on the diametrically opposite end to point A, on a crack. The variance in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury
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Relative Incidence of New-Onset Substance Use Disorders Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Global Retrospective

Zachary T Hoglund1, Christopher Sollenberger1, Kyle W Scott1,2

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases the risk of developing substance use disorders (SUDs), particularly nicotine and alcohol. Non-intracranial hemorrhage TBI poses a higher SUD risk than ICH TBI.

Keywords:
TriNetX Databasepost-traumatic outcomesubstance abuse disordertraumatraumatic brain injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health
  • Addiction Medicine

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern linked to long-term physical, cognitive, and psychiatric issues.
  • Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a known consequence of TBI, but comparative incidence rates across SUD subtypes and TBI types (intracranial hemorrhage [ICH] vs. non-ICH) are not well-established.
  • This study addresses the need for comprehensive data on new-onset SUDs following TBI in patients without a prior SUD history.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the incidence of new-onset SUDs after TBI in a large patient cohort.
  • To compare SUD incidence rates across different SUD subtypes (nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, opioids, etc.).
  • To investigate differences in SUD risk between patients with and without intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) following TBI.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of de-identified data from the TriNetX Research Network, including over 1.8 million patients with TBI.
  • Cohorts were stratified based on the presence or absence of ICH, excluding patients with pre-existing SUDs.
  • Incidence of new SUD diagnoses was calculated over lifetime and at 1, 3, and 5 years post-TBI, with propensity score matching used for balanced comparisons between ICH and non-ICH groups.

Main Results:

  • The 5-year incidence of new SUDs post-TBI was 4.2%, with nicotine (2.4%) and alcohol (1.1%) being the most common subtypes.
  • Approximately 50% of individuals who developed SUDs did so within 3 years of their TBI.
  • Non-ICH TBI patients exhibited a higher 5-year risk for any SUD (4.2% vs. 3.6%) and most subtypes compared to ICH TBI patients.

Conclusions:

  • TBI significantly increases the risk of developing new-onset SUDs, with nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and opioid use disorders being most prevalent.
  • Patients with non-ICH TBI have a greater risk of developing SUDs compared to those with ICH-associated TBI.
  • Routine SUD screening is clinically indicated for TBI patients, especially within the first 3 years post-injury, to mitigate the public health burden.