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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Author Spotlight: Revolutionizing Remote Surgery with Augmented Reality and Robotics for Enhanced Precision and Accessibility
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Augmented and Mixed Reality in Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review.

Andreas Sarantopoulos1, Maria Marinakis2, Nikolaos Schizas3

  • 1Naples Comprehensive Health-Rooney Heart Institute, Naples, FL 34102, USA.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) show promise in improving cardiac surgery visualization and workflow. Further research is needed to refine registration, robotic integration, and multicenter trials for clinical efficiency and patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Intraoperative navigationaugmented realitycardiac surgerymixed realityrobotic-assisted surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Medical Imaging
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) offer potential benefits for anatomical understanding, spatial orientation, and workflow efficiency in cardiac surgery.
  • Clinical adoption of AR/MR technologies in this field is currently limited, with an undefined translational pathway.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize the existing literature on the peri- and intra-operative applications of AR and MR in cardiac surgery.
  • To identify key application domains, assess the feasibility and utility of these technologies, and highlight areas for future development.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive PubMed search was performed by two independent reviewers, covering database inception through July 2025.
  • Peer-reviewed, English-language articles on peri- or intra-operative AR/MR in cardiac surgery were selected.
  • Findings were qualitatively synthesized into distinct application domains.

Main Results:

  • Fourteen studies were included, revealing five key domains: preoperative planning, intraoperative navigation, physiological guidance, robotic integration, and AR-based rehabilitation.
  • MR improved spatial orientation for minimally invasive and valve procedures; AR demonstrated ≈5 mm overlay errors in preclinical settings.
  • Thermographic AR detected ischemia, and AR-guided robotic surgery showed feasibility for totally endoscopic CABG.

Conclusions:

  • Early evidence suggests AR/MR are feasible and useful for visualization and orientation in cardiac surgery.
  • Future priorities include developing deformable, motion-compensated registration and ergonomic integration with robotic platforms.
  • Multicenter trials are essential to evaluate operative efficiency and patient outcomes.