Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

32.8K
Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic...
32.8K
Asexual Reproduction02:38

Asexual Reproduction

37.6K
Asexual reproduction allows plants to reproduce without growing flowers, attracting pollinators, or dispersing seeds. Offspring are genetically identical to the parent and produced without the fusion of male and female gametes.
37.6K
Overview of the Reproductive System01:31

Overview of the Reproductive System

5.8K
The reproductive system generates offspring, ensuring the survival of the species. In humans, the reproductive system is complex and involves a variety of organs and hormones that work together to ensure successful reproduction.
The gonads, or primary reproductive organs, produce gametes and sex hormones. In males, the testes produce spermatozoa and testosterone, which is responsible for developing secondary male sex characteristics, including a deeper voice, larger muscles, facial and body...
5.8K
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

5.1K
Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra....
5.1K
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

4.5K
The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
4.5K
Mechanistic Models: Overview of Compartment Models01:21

Mechanistic Models: Overview of Compartment Models

389
Mechanistic models, a category encompassing both physiological and compartmental modeling, differ from empirical models' approaches to incorporating known factors about the systems being modeled. Empirical models describe data with minimal assumptions, while mechanistic models aim to provide a robust description of available data by specifying assumptions and integrating known factors about the system. Compartmental analysis is a key example of a mechanistic model in pharmacokinetics and...
389

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

An integrated patient-derived colon organoids platform as a functional model for nutraceutical and stress response.

iScience·2026
Same author

Testosterone protects from metabolic syndrome-associated lung dysfunction in a high-fat diet rabbit model.

Endocrinology·2026
Same author

In-depth Genetic and Molecular Characterization of Unilateral Coexisting Adrenal Cortical Adenoma and Carcinoma in the Context of MEN1 Syndrome.

Endocrine pathology·2026
Same author

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: The State of the Art on Treatments and the Therapeutic Role of the Intestinal Microbiome in Human Studies.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

Protective Effect of <i>Raphanus sativus</i> Seed Extract on Damage Induced by In Vitro Incubation and Cryopreservation of Human Spermatozoa.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Shining a Light on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: Red Photobiomodulation Boosts Myoblast Differentiation In Vitro.

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·2025
Same journal

RETRACTED: Kim et al. The Angiogenesis Inhibitor ALS-L1023 from Lemon-Balm Leaves Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Through Regulating the Visceral Adipose-Tissue Function. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2017, <i>18</i>, 846.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same journal

Correction: Mahmud et al. Thymoquinone Attenuates NF-κβ Signalling Activation in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells Under AMD-Mimicking Conditions. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2025, <i>26</i>, 11473.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same journal

Correction: Borovikov et al. The Twisting and Untwisting of Actin and Tropomyosin Filaments Are Involved in the Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Contraction, and Their Disruption Can Result in Muscle Disorders. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci</i>. 2025, <i>26</i>, 6705.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same journal

Correction: Molagoda et al. Flavonoid Glycosides from <i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> var. <i>inermis</i> (Bunge) Rehder Seeds Inhibit α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone-Mediated Melanogenesis. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2021, <i>22</i>, 7701.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same journal

Correction: Guo et al. Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Maize Roots Under Lead Stress. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2024, <i>25</i>, 6050.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same journal

Correction: Chang et al. Improvement of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Hepatic Failure by Transplantation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Without Reprogramming Factor c-Myc. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2012, <i>13</i>, 3598-3617.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Mechanistic Insight into the Development of TNBS-Mediated Intestinal Fibrosis and Evaluating the Inhibitory Effects of Rapamycin
10:21

Mechanistic Insight into the Development of TNBS-Mediated Intestinal Fibrosis and Evaluating the Inhibitory Effects of Rapamycin

Published on: September 12, 2019

7.8K

Cadmium Impairs Human GnRH Neuron Development: Mechanistic Insights into Reproductive Dysfunction.

Giulia Guarnieri1,2, Jacopo J V Branca1, Rachele Garella1

  • 1Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early-life exposure to cadmium (Cd) disrupts human GnRH neuron development, impacting fertility. This heavy metal causes oxidative stress and impairs neuron migration and maturation.

Keywords:
GnRH neuronscell migrationfertilitygap junctionsheavy metalpollutionreproduction

More Related Videos

An Anaerobic Biosensor Assay for the Detection of Mercury and Cadmium
09:33

An Anaerobic Biosensor Assay for the Detection of Mercury and Cadmium

Published on: December 17, 2018

10.8K
In Vitro Imaging and Quantification of the Drug Targeting Efficiency of Fluorescently Labeled GnRH Analogues
10:36

In Vitro Imaging and Quantification of the Drug Targeting Efficiency of Fluorescently Labeled GnRH Analogues

Published on: March 21, 2017

8.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Mechanistic Insight into the Development of TNBS-Mediated Intestinal Fibrosis and Evaluating the Inhibitory Effects of Rapamycin
10:21

Mechanistic Insight into the Development of TNBS-Mediated Intestinal Fibrosis and Evaluating the Inhibitory Effects of Rapamycin

Published on: September 12, 2019

7.8K
An Anaerobic Biosensor Assay for the Detection of Mercury and Cadmium
09:33

An Anaerobic Biosensor Assay for the Detection of Mercury and Cadmium

Published on: December 17, 2018

10.8K
In Vitro Imaging and Quantification of the Drug Targeting Efficiency of Fluorescently Labeled GnRH Analogues
10:36

In Vitro Imaging and Quantification of the Drug Targeting Efficiency of Fluorescently Labeled GnRH Analogues

Published on: March 21, 2017

8.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Environmental toxicants can impact fertility, particularly during critical developmental periods.
  • Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are vital for reproduction and vulnerable during development.
  • Cadmium (Cd) is a known gonadotoxicant, but its effects on human GnRH neuron development are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of Cadmium (Cd) exposure on human fetal GnRH neuroblast (FNCB4) development.
  • To elucidate the morpho-functional and developmental impacts of Cd on these crucial neurons.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized human fetal GnRH neuroblasts (FNCB4) for in vitro studies.
  • Assessed Cd effects on cell morphology, migration, gene expression, and electrophysiology.
  • Examined oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and neuronal maturation markers.

Main Results:

  • Cd exposure induced oxidative stress and inflammatory pathway activation (COX2 upregulation).
  • Cd reduced cell migration and downregulated motility-related genes, affecting F-actin and adhesion molecules.
  • Electrophysiological changes included altered membrane potential, increased capacitance/permeability, and disrupted gap junctional communication (connexin-43 delocalization).
  • Cd significantly reduced GnRH neuronal markers, indicating impaired functional maturation.

Conclusions:

  • Cadmium (Cd) interferes with critical mechanisms of human GnRH neuron development.
  • Early-life Cd exposure may contribute to fertility issues through impaired neurogenesis and maturation.
  • Findings provide mechanistic insights into Cd's impact on reproductive health.